{"id":472,"date":"2024-08-29T14:42:38","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T18:42:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=472"},"modified":"2026-08-24T18:34:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T22:34:13","slug":"systemic-barriers-in-the-food-system","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/chapter\/systemic-barriers-in-the-food-system\/","title":{"raw":"4.10: Systemic Barriers in the Food System","rendered":"4.10: Systemic Barriers in the Food System"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Case #8: Culturally Appropriate Food<\/h2>\r\n<!-- Quote Box: Grey background with Pan-African Yellow Left Border -->\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"border-left: 6px solid #FCD116 !important;background-color: #f7f7f7 !important;padding: 15px 20px;margin: 20px 0\">\r\n<blockquote style=\"margin: 0;padding: 0;border: none;background: transparent\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;margin: 0;color: #242424;font-style: italic\">\u201cThere\u2019s no culture without food\u201d- Kishon Wamington<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Culturally Appropriate Food<\/a> is vital for promoting the health and well-being of communities, particularly within the Black community. It refers to food that aligns with cultural traditions, practices, and nutritional needs, ensuring that individuals have access to diets that support their health and heritage. This topic also intersects with discussions about the nutrient density of foods, which can decline as food travels long distances from its source. Local farming and community engagement in growing culturally relevant foods are essential for maintaining the nutritional quality of diets and supporting health equity.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"color: #242424\"><b>Video 4.11:<\/b> Founder of Back to Roots Farms Ltd., Kishon Warmington from Manitoba, discusses the importance of culturally appropriate foods for the health of the Black community. Kishon emphasizes how local farming and culturally aligned practices can support better health outcomes and <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/chapter\/glossary\/\" style=\"color: #01254a\">food sovereignty<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/2Vet9MWWurk[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/08\/Black-Roots-Farm-logo-e1723090860389-300x300.png\" alt=\"Logo for Back to Roots Farm Ltd.\" width=\"101\" height=\"101\" class=\"wp-image-138 aligncenter\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"border-left: 6px solid #CE1126 !important;background-color: #f7f7f7 !important;padding: 12px 18px;margin: 20px 0\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Keywords<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Culturally Appropriate Food<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\" style=\"width: 100% !important;max-width: 100% !important\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"color: #000000 !important;margin: 0;padding: 0\"><strong>Stop and Reflect<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\" style=\"padding: 0 40px 30px 40px !important;overflow: hidden\">\r\n<div style=\"max-width: 100%;margin: 0 auto\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Many Black people from settler, immigrant, and forced-migration backgrounds can only access cultural foods by buying imported ingredients.\u00a0 Take time to briefly explore how the nutrient density of foods decreases over time, especially for exported foods.\u00a0 If a community's primary food choices lose significant nutrients before the food arrives at their homes, what impact can this have on their health?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Beyond social equity, may there be additional value in Black farmers growing cultural foods locally?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div style=\"background-color: #ffffff;border: 1px solid #ccd1d9;border-radius: 6px;padding: 18px\">\r\n\r\n<label style=\"font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 8px;color: #242424\" for=\"safe-spaces-journal\">Type your reflection below:<\/label>\r\n<div style=\"justify-content: space-between;align-items: center;margin-top: 10px;flex-wrap: wrap;gap: 10px\">\r\n\r\n<span id=\"safe-spaces-status\" style=\"font-size: 0.9em;color: #6b7280;font-style: italic\">Your writing saves automatically in this browser as you type.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<button id=\"safe-spaces-clear\" style=\"background: #fdfaf9;border: 1px solid #b91c1c;color: #b91c1c;padding: 6px 14px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 0.9em;cursor: pointer\" type=\"button\">Clear reflection<\/button>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><b>Supportive Readings:<\/b><\/h2>\r\nMarrero, A., Tamez, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Orengo, J. F., &amp; Mattei, J. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980020003134\">The association between purchasing locally produced food and diet quality among adults in Puerto Rico.<\/a> <em>Public Health Nutrition, 24<\/em>(13), 4177\u20134186.\r\n<h2>Food Sovereignty<\/h2>\r\nFood sovereignty is a crucial issue that intersects with empowerment, institutionalized racism, and culturally appropriate food practices. It involves ensuring that all individuals have reliable access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. For Black Canadian farmers, challenges such as gatekeeping, biases, and institutionalized racism can hinder their ability to contribute effectively to the food system and support the nutrition of Black Canadians. Addressing these challenges is essential for improving <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">food security<\/a> and fostering self-determination within the community.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"color: #242424\"><strong>Video 4.12:<\/strong> Founder of the Canadian Black Farmers Association and the Founder and Executive Director of the Kara-Kata Afrobeat Society of Canada, Toyin Kayo-Ajayi, British Columbia, shares some of the challenges he has faced as a Black Canadian farmer. He discusses his innovative approaches to improving food security and his advocacy for Black food sovereignty.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/x7jJX07UgD0[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.51-PM-300x97.png\" alt=\"Logo for Kara-Kata Afrobeat Society\" width=\"300\" height=\"97\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2043\" \/> <img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.07-PM-300x108.png\" alt=\"Logo for the Canadian Black Farmer's Association\" width=\"270\" height=\"97\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2042\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"border-left: 6px solid #FCD116 !important;background-color: #f7f7f7 !important;padding: 12px 18px;margin: 20px 0\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Keywords: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Biases<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Community Empowerment, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Culturally appropriate food<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Empowerment, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Food security, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Gatekeeping, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Institutionalized Racism, Norm<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\" style=\"width: 100% !important;max-width: 100% !important\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"color: #000000 !important;margin: 0;padding: 0\"><strong>Stop and Reflect<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\" style=\"padding: 0 40px 30px 40px !important;overflow: hidden\">\r\n<div style=\"max-width: 100%;margin: 0 auto\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Some may wonder, \u201cWhy can\u2019t Black people just eat what others eat?\u201d What harm is done when we question and ask Black folks to provide proof of their oppression? Are complaints from the community accepted as adequate evidence?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Whether or not you agree with Toyin\u2019s views on nutrition or strategies for addressing systemic change, many Black people share similar values and beliefs. What are some ways you can learn from, respect, and empower Black people and communities so that they can practice self-determination regardless of your stance?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div style=\"background-color: #ffffff;border: 1px solid #ccd1d9;border-radius: 6px;padding: 18px\">\r\n\r\n<label style=\"font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 8px;color: #242424\" for=\"safe-spaces-journal\">Type your reflection below:<\/label>\r\n<div style=\"justify-content: space-between;align-items: center;margin-top: 10px;flex-wrap: wrap;gap: 10px\">\r\n\r\n<span id=\"safe-spaces-status\" style=\"font-size: 0.9em;color: #6b7280;font-style: italic\">Your writing saves automatically in this browser as you type.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<button id=\"safe-spaces-clear\" style=\"background: #fdfaf9;border: 1px solid #b91c1c;color: #b91c1c;padding: 6px 14px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 0.9em;cursor: pointer\" type=\"button\">Clear reflection<\/button>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h2>Case #8: Culturally Appropriate Food<\/h2>\n<p><!-- Quote Box: Grey background with Pan-African Yellow Left Border --><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"border-left: 6px solid #FCD116 !important;background-color: #f7f7f7 !important;padding: 15px 20px;margin: 20px 0\">\n<blockquote style=\"margin: 0;padding: 0;border: none;background: transparent\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;margin: 0;color: #242424;font-style: italic\">\u201cThere\u2019s no culture without food\u201d- Kishon Wamington<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Culturally Appropriate Food<\/a> is vital for promoting the health and well-being of communities, particularly within the Black community. It refers to food that aligns with cultural traditions, practices, and nutritional needs, ensuring that individuals have access to diets that support their health and heritage. This topic also intersects with discussions about the nutrient density of foods, which can decline as food travels long distances from its source. Local farming and community engagement in growing culturally relevant foods are essential for maintaining the nutritional quality of diets and supporting health equity.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"color: #242424\"><b>Video 4.11:<\/b> Founder of Back to Roots Farms Ltd., Kishon Warmington from Manitoba, discusses the importance of culturally appropriate foods for the health of the Black community. Kishon emphasizes how local farming and culturally aligned practices can support better health outcomes and <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/chapter\/glossary\/\" style=\"color: #01254a\">food sovereignty<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Chapter 4 BRF\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2Vet9MWWurk?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/08\/Black-Roots-Farm-logo-e1723090860389-300x300.png\" alt=\"Logo for Back to Roots Farm Ltd.\" width=\"101\" height=\"101\" class=\"wp-image-138 aligncenter\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/08\/Black-Roots-Farm-logo-e1723090860389-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/08\/Black-Roots-Farm-logo-e1723090860389-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/08\/Black-Roots-Farm-logo-e1723090860389-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/08\/Black-Roots-Farm-logo-e1723090860389-225x226.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/08\/Black-Roots-Farm-logo-e1723090860389.png 325w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 101px) 100vw, 101px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"border-left: 6px solid #CE1126 !important;background-color: #f7f7f7 !important;padding: 12px 18px;margin: 20px 0\">\n<p><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Culturally Appropriate Food<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\" style=\"width: 100% !important;max-width: 100% !important\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"color: #000000 !important;margin: 0;padding: 0\"><strong>Stop and Reflect<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\" style=\"padding: 0 40px 30px 40px !important;overflow: hidden\">\n<div style=\"max-width: 100%;margin: 0 auto\">\n<ol>\n<li>Many Black people from settler, immigrant, and forced-migration backgrounds can only access cultural foods by buying imported ingredients.\u00a0 Take time to briefly explore how the nutrient density of foods decreases over time, especially for exported foods.\u00a0 If a community&#8217;s primary food choices lose significant nutrients before the food arrives at their homes, what impact can this have on their health?<\/li>\n<li>Beyond social equity, may there be additional value in Black farmers growing cultural foods locally?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div style=\"background-color: #ffffff;border: 1px solid #ccd1d9;border-radius: 6px;padding: 18px\">\n<p><label style=\"font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 8px;color: #242424\" for=\"safe-spaces-journal\">Type your reflection below:<\/label><\/p>\n<div style=\"justify-content: space-between;align-items: center;margin-top: 10px;flex-wrap: wrap;gap: 10px\">\n<p><span id=\"safe-spaces-status\" style=\"font-size: 0.9em;color: #6b7280;font-style: italic\">Your writing saves automatically in this browser as you type.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><button id=\"safe-spaces-clear\" style=\"background: #fdfaf9;border: 1px solid #b91c1c;color: #b91c1c;padding: 6px 14px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 0.9em;cursor: pointer\" type=\"button\">Clear reflection<\/button><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><b>Supportive Readings:<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Marrero, A., Tamez, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Orengo, J. F., &amp; Mattei, J. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980020003134\">The association between purchasing locally produced food and diet quality among adults in Puerto Rico.<\/a> <em>Public Health Nutrition, 24<\/em>(13), 4177\u20134186.<\/p>\n<h2>Food Sovereignty<\/h2>\n<p>Food sovereignty is a crucial issue that intersects with empowerment, institutionalized racism, and culturally appropriate food practices. It involves ensuring that all individuals have reliable access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. For Black Canadian farmers, challenges such as gatekeeping, biases, and institutionalized racism can hinder their ability to contribute effectively to the food system and support the nutrition of Black Canadians. Addressing these challenges is essential for improving <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">food security<\/a> and fostering self-determination within the community.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"color: #242424\"><strong>Video 4.12:<\/strong> Founder of the Canadian Black Farmers Association and the Founder and Executive Director of the Kara-Kata Afrobeat Society of Canada, Toyin Kayo-Ajayi, British Columbia, shares some of the challenges he has faced as a Black Canadian farmer. He discusses his innovative approaches to improving food security and his advocacy for Black food sovereignty.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Chapter 4 KK\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/x7jJX07UgD0?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.51-PM-300x97.png\" alt=\"Logo for Kara-Kata Afrobeat Society\" width=\"300\" height=\"97\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2043\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.51-PM-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.51-PM-65x21.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.51-PM-225x73.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.51-PM-350x114.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.51-PM.png 628w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.07-PM-300x108.png\" alt=\"Logo for the Canadian Black Farmer's Association\" width=\"270\" height=\"97\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2042\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.07-PM-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.07-PM-65x23.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.07-PM-225x81.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.07-PM-350x126.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/398\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2026-06-08-at-8.55.07-PM.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"border-left: 6px solid #FCD116 !important;background-color: #f7f7f7 !important;padding: 12px 18px;margin: 20px 0\">\n<p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Biases<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Community Empowerment, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Culturally appropriate food<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Empowerment, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Food security, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Gatekeeping, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/back-matter\/glossary\/\">Institutionalized Racism, Norm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\" style=\"width: 100% !important;max-width: 100% !important\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"color: #000000 !important;margin: 0;padding: 0\"><strong>Stop and Reflect<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\" style=\"padding: 0 40px 30px 40px !important;overflow: hidden\">\n<div style=\"max-width: 100%;margin: 0 auto\">\n<ol>\n<li>Some may wonder, \u201cWhy can\u2019t Black people just eat what others eat?\u201d What harm is done when we question and ask Black folks to provide proof of their oppression? Are complaints from the community accepted as adequate evidence?<\/li>\n<li>Whether or not you agree with Toyin\u2019s views on nutrition or strategies for addressing systemic change, many Black people share similar values and beliefs. What are some ways you can learn from, respect, and empower Black people and communities so that they can practice self-determination regardless of your stance?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div style=\"background-color: #ffffff;border: 1px solid #ccd1d9;border-radius: 6px;padding: 18px\">\n<p><label style=\"font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 8px;color: #242424\" for=\"safe-spaces-journal\">Type your reflection below:<\/label><\/p>\n<div style=\"justify-content: space-between;align-items: center;margin-top: 10px;flex-wrap: wrap;gap: 10px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em;color: #6b7280;font-style: italic\">Your writing saves automatically in this browser as you type.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><button style=\"background: #fdfaf9;border: 1px solid #b91c1c;color: #b91c1c;padding: 6px 14px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 0.9em;cursor: pointer\" type=\"button\">Clear reflection<\/button><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":503,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-472","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":442,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/472","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/503"}],"version-history":[{"count":62,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/472\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3721,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/472\/revisions\/3721"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/442"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/472\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=472"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=472"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=472"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/abrdietetics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=472"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}