{"id":127,"date":"2022-12-01T06:43:59","date_gmt":"2022-12-01T11:43:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=127"},"modified":"2023-01-02T18:38:51","modified_gmt":"2023-01-02T23:38:51","slug":"white-privilege","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/chapter\/white-privilege\/","title":{"raw":"White Privilege","rendered":"White Privilege"},"content":{"raw":"<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">In 1939, two psychologists, Drs. Kenneth and Mamie Clarke, conducted <strong>the doll experiment<\/strong>. They placed two almost identical dolls in front of children and asked: Which do you prefer? Which is pretty? Which is ugly? Which is bad? Which is good? The only difference between the dolls was that one was Black and the other was white. The researchers found that both Black and white children preferred the white doll and attributed positive characteristics to it and negative characteristics to the Black doll (McNeill, 2017). <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The doll experiment was initially conducted in the context of racial segregation of Black and white children in the American education system; other researchers have continued to use it since 1939 and the results have remained consistent (Windell, 2019). Why do white and Black children prefer the white doll? What does this experiment reveal about how whiteness is viewed?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Other scholars have found that the preference for whiteness follows us into adulthood.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Kang et al. (2016) found that when Black students tailored their resume to sound white, they were more likely to receive a call-back from employers compared with other Black students who did not conceal their racial identity.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A report from DealAid found that 90.2% of consumers who identify as Black or African American have experienced racial profiling while shopping (McCabe, 2021).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A survey by Stats Canada found that almost half of Black women had experienced discrimination or unfair treatment in the past 5 years, as did more than 40% of Black men. In contrast, only 20% of women and 13% of men who were neither Indigenous nor visible minorities had experienced discrimination (Cotter, 2022).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">These findings are not just numbers: they reflect the reality that Black people face every day. North American society prefers whiteness, and this preference is linked with the concepts of white privilege and white supremacy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>White privilege<\/strong> refers to the advantages that white people receive in society that are not earned by merit but given solely based on the colour of their skin.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>White supremacy<\/strong> is the belief that white people are superior to Black, Indigenous, and other racialized people.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">As you think more about white privilege and white supremacy, think about <strong>decentralizing whiteness<\/strong> so that non-white people can be treated equally and respectfully. The doll experiment is just one example of the centrality of whiteness. Another example is that health assessment textbooks tend to use white skin as the baseline, with non-white skin compared to this baseline. This centrality of whiteness is at the cost of those who are not white, with consequences including feelings of low self-esteem, being devalued, living in a state of racial trauma, and experiencing systemic and <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"259\"]internalized racism[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The <strong>health disparities<\/strong> among Black, Indigenous, and other racialized people continue to increase at exponential rates, so nurses must take the lead and become agents of change. One way to help us identify the centrality of whiteness in nursing is to use an <strong>anti-Black racism framework<\/strong>. We must confront anti-Black racism, and this requires understanding how centralizing whiteness plays a significant role in normalizing and rendering racism as invisible. This call to action is not an attempt to erase the lived experiences of those who are not Black; it is intended to challenge the current approaches to anti-Black racism and help create better ones (Jefferies, 2021).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Take a moment to reflect. If you were a child, which doll would you choose?<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\">Did you Know?<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nThe ideology of whiteness isn\u2019t \u201cabout being white\u201d \u2013 it\u2019s about racial systems of power in which darker skin colour has been socially (not biologically) constructed as inferior and white skin colour has been socially (not biologically) constructed as superior (Patel, 2022).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">References<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Jefferies, K. (2021). Commentary - Advancing nursing in Canada: Toward the elimination of anti-Black racism. <em>Nursing Leadership<\/em>, <em>34<\/em>(4), 139\u2013143.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12927\/cjnl.2021.26678\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12927\/cjnl.2021.26678<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Kang, S. K., DeCelles, K. A., Tilcsik, A., &amp; Jun, S. (2016). Whitened r\u00e9sum\u00e9s: Race and self-presentation in the labor market. <em>Administrative Science Quarterly<\/em>, <em>61<\/em>(3), 469\u2013502.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0001839216639577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0001839216639577<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">McCabe, M. (2021, June 28). <em>State of racial profiling in American retail<\/em>. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dealaid.org\/research\/racial-profiling-in-retail\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/dealaid.org\/research\/racial-profiling-in-retail\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">McNeill, L. (2017, October 26). How a psychologist\u2019s work on race identity helped overturn school segregation in 1950s America. <em>Smithsonian Magazine<\/em>.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/psychologist-work-racial-identity-helped-overturn-school-segregation-180966934\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/psychologist-work-racial-identity-helped-overturn-school-segregation-180966934\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Patel, N. (2022). Dismantling the scaffolding of institutional racism and institutionalising anti-racism. <em>Journal of Family Therapy<\/em>, <em>44<\/em>(1), 91\u2013108.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-6427.12367\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-6427.12367<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Statistics Canada. (2022). <em>Experiences of discrimination among the Black and Indigenous populations in Canada, 2019<\/em>. [Data set].<\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2022001\/article\/00002-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2022001\/article\/00002-eng.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Windell, J. (2019, January 3). <em>Almost 70 years after Brown v. Board of Education, how do Black children view themselves?<\/em>\u00a0 Michigan Psychological Association. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.michiganpsychologicalassociation.org\/index.php?option=com_dailyplanetblog&amp;amp;view=entry&amp;amp;category=children-a-youth&amp;amp;id=156%3Aalmost-70-years-after-brown-v-board-of-education-how-do-black-children-view-themselves-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.michiganpsychologicalassociation.org\/index.php?option=com_dailyplanetblog&amp;amp;view=entry&amp;amp;category=children-a-youth&amp;amp;id=156%3Aalmost-70-years-after-brown-v-board-of-education-how-do-black-children-view-themselves-<\/a><\/p>\r\n<br style=\"font-weight: 400\" \/><br style=\"font-weight: 400\" \/>","rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">In 1939, two psychologists, Drs. Kenneth and Mamie Clarke, conducted <strong>the doll experiment<\/strong>. They placed two almost identical dolls in front of children and asked: Which do you prefer? Which is pretty? Which is ugly? Which is bad? Which is good? The only difference between the dolls was that one was Black and the other was white. The researchers found that both Black and white children preferred the white doll and attributed positive characteristics to it and negative characteristics to the Black doll (McNeill, 2017). <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The doll experiment was initially conducted in the context of racial segregation of Black and white children in the American education system; other researchers have continued to use it since 1939 and the results have remained consistent (Windell, 2019). Why do white and Black children prefer the white doll? What does this experiment reveal about how whiteness is viewed?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Other scholars have found that the preference for whiteness follows us into adulthood.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Kang et al. (2016) found that when Black students tailored their resume to sound white, they were more likely to receive a call-back from employers compared with other Black students who did not conceal their racial identity.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A report from DealAid found that 90.2% of consumers who identify as Black or African American have experienced racial profiling while shopping (McCabe, 2021).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A survey by Stats Canada found that almost half of Black women had experienced discrimination or unfair treatment in the past 5 years, as did more than 40% of Black men. In contrast, only 20% of women and 13% of men who were neither Indigenous nor visible minorities had experienced discrimination (Cotter, 2022).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">These findings are not just numbers: they reflect the reality that Black people face every day. North American society prefers whiteness, and this preference is linked with the concepts of white privilege and white supremacy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>White privilege<\/strong> refers to the advantages that white people receive in society that are not earned by merit but given solely based on the colour of their skin.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>White supremacy<\/strong> is the belief that white people are superior to Black, Indigenous, and other racialized people.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">As you think more about white privilege and white supremacy, think about <strong>decentralizing whiteness<\/strong> so that non-white people can be treated equally and respectfully. The doll experiment is just one example of the centrality of whiteness. Another example is that health assessment textbooks tend to use white skin as the baseline, with non-white skin compared to this baseline. This centrality of whiteness is at the cost of those who are not white, with consequences including feelings of low self-esteem, being devalued, living in a state of racial trauma, and experiencing systemic and <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"127-259\">internalized racism<\/button><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The <strong>health disparities<\/strong> among Black, Indigenous, and other racialized people continue to increase at exponential rates, so nurses must take the lead and become agents of change. One way to help us identify the centrality of whiteness in nursing is to use an <strong>anti-Black racism framework<\/strong>. We must confront anti-Black racism, and this requires understanding how centralizing whiteness plays a significant role in normalizing and rendering racism as invisible. This call to action is not an attempt to erase the lived experiences of those who are not Black; it is intended to challenge the current approaches to anti-Black racism and help create better ones (Jefferies, 2021).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Take a moment to reflect. If you were a child, which doll would you choose?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\">Did you Know?<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>The ideology of whiteness isn\u2019t \u201cabout being white\u201d \u2013 it\u2019s about racial systems of power in which darker skin colour has been socially (not biologically) constructed as inferior and white skin colour has been socially (not biologically) constructed as superior (Patel, 2022).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Jefferies, K. (2021). Commentary &#8211; Advancing nursing in Canada: Toward the elimination of anti-Black racism. <em>Nursing Leadership<\/em>, <em>34<\/em>(4), 139\u2013143.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12927\/cjnl.2021.26678\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12927\/cjnl.2021.26678<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Kang, S. K., DeCelles, K. A., Tilcsik, A., &amp; Jun, S. (2016). Whitened r\u00e9sum\u00e9s: Race and self-presentation in the labor market. <em>Administrative Science Quarterly<\/em>, <em>61<\/em>(3), 469\u2013502.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0001839216639577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0001839216639577<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">McCabe, M. (2021, June 28). <em>State of racial profiling in American retail<\/em>. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dealaid.org\/research\/racial-profiling-in-retail\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/dealaid.org\/research\/racial-profiling-in-retail\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">McNeill, L. (2017, October 26). How a psychologist\u2019s work on race identity helped overturn school segregation in 1950s America. <em>Smithsonian Magazine<\/em>.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/psychologist-work-racial-identity-helped-overturn-school-segregation-180966934\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/psychologist-work-racial-identity-helped-overturn-school-segregation-180966934\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Patel, N. (2022). Dismantling the scaffolding of institutional racism and institutionalising anti-racism. <em>Journal of Family Therapy<\/em>, <em>44<\/em>(1), 91\u2013108.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-6427.12367\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-6427.12367<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Statistics Canada. (2022). <em>Experiences of discrimination among the Black and Indigenous populations in Canada, 2019<\/em>. [Data set].<\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2022001\/article\/00002-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2022001\/article\/00002-eng.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Windell, J. (2019, January 3). <em>Almost 70 years after Brown v. Board of Education, how do Black children view themselves?<\/em>\u00a0 Michigan Psychological Association. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.michiganpsychologicalassociation.org\/index.php?option=com_dailyplanetblog&amp;amp;view=entry&amp;amp;category=children-a-youth&amp;amp;id=156%3Aalmost-70-years-after-brown-v-board-of-education-how-do-black-children-view-themselves-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.michiganpsychologicalassociation.org\/index.php?option=com_dailyplanetblog&amp;amp;view=entry&amp;amp;category=children-a-youth&amp;amp;id=156%3Aalmost-70-years-after-brown-v-board-of-education-how-do-black-children-view-themselves-<\/a><\/p>\n<p><br style=\"font-weight: 400\" \/><br style=\"font-weight: 400\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"127-259\" hidden><p>refers to how Black, Indigenous, and people of colour start to believe they deserve the racism they experience.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":111,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-127","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":120,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/127","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/111"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/127\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":424,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/127\/revisions\/424"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/120"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/127\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=127"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=127"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=127"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}