{"id":82,"date":"2022-11-30T04:51:45","date_gmt":"2022-11-30T09:51:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=82"},"modified":"2023-01-11T16:37:28","modified_gmt":"2023-01-11T21:37:28","slug":"racism-and-intersectionality","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/chapter\/racism-and-intersectionality\/","title":{"raw":"Racism and Intersectionality","rendered":"Racism and Intersectionality"},"content":{"raw":"<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Imagine being asked to define your personal identity. How would you respond? Would you include:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Your ethnicity?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Your culture?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The languages you speak?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The gender you identify with?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Your religious beliefs and traditions?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The places that you call home?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Now imagine if you could only pick one of these features. Most people would find it difficult.\u00a0 Identity includes gender, sexuality, age, class, race, ethnicity, religion, and ability\/disability, all of which <strong>overlap<\/strong> and<strong> influence<\/strong> how society treats individuals. This is referred to as <strong>intersectionality<\/strong>. Depending on your unique combination of identities, you will experience different forms of privilege and oppression in society (Hankivsky, 2014).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">You might be wondering where the word intersectionality came from.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">It emerged during discussions of a 1976 court case in which several Black women attempted to sue General Motors, which segregated its workforce by both race and gender (Crenshaw, 2015). The organizations only hired men for certain jobs: this included both white and Black men. However, for the jobs designated for women, the company only hired white women, not Black women.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Clearly, General Motors discriminated against Black women, but the case was dismissed. The court argued that General Motors did not discriminate against race and gender because the company employed Black men and white women (Crenshaw, 2015).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">After this ruling, <strong>Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw<\/strong>, a Black American civil rights advocate, created the concept of intersectionality. Crenshaw argued that mainstream feminist theories were based on the experiences of white women and do not address the unique problems faced by Black women, who are not only oppressed because of their gender but also because of the colour of their skin.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Consider how the following intersections of identities might compound experiences of oppression in Canadian society:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A Black woman who is also transgender and bald.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">An older Indigenous man who is also poor and in a wheelchair.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A South Asian man who is also Muslim and not married.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Returning to anti-Black racism, Crenshaw\u2019s work helps clarify how the experiences of Black communities are heavily affected by their identity as Black. These individuals face many barriers, including those related to economic opportunities, and Black women are affected even more. Even in caring gendered professions such as nursing, Black nurses remain under-represented in leadership and are unfairly disciplined compared with their white colleagues (Iheduru-Anderson, 2021; Jefferies et al., 2018).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">As a nurse, you should use a <strong>holistic lens<\/strong> to help address the gaps in healthcare for Black, Indigenous, and racialized individuals. Think about the many <strong>different forms of oppression<\/strong> that compound and affect a person\u2019s health and well-being. We can use the intersectionality framework to address inequitable policies, culture, and procedures in healthcare. What will you do to address intersectional oppression? How can nurses be agents of change for a better tomorrow?<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Activity: Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Watch the TED talk \u201cThe urgency of intersectionality\u201d by Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw to learn more about intersectionality.<\/span><\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=akOe5-UsQ2o\r\n\r\nVideo: The urgency of intersectionality [18:50]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"4\"]<\/span>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">To learn more about Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/speakers\/kimberle_crenshaw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ted.com\/speakers\/kimberle_crenshaw<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Crenshaw, K. (2015, October 28). Opinion: Why intersectionality can\u2019t wait. <em>The Washington Post<\/em>.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/in-theory\/wp\/2015\/09\/24\/why-intersectionality-cant-wait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/in-theory\/wp\/2015\/09\/24\/why-intersectionality-cant-wait<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.). <em>What is intersectionality?<\/em> Encyclopedia Britannica. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/story\/what-is-intersectionality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/story\/what-is-intersectionality<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Hankivsky, O. (2014).<em> Intersectionality 101<\/em>. The Institute for Intersectionality Research &amp; Policy, SFU.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Hankivsky-Intersectionality101-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Hankivsky-Intersectionality101-2014.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Iheduru-Anderson, K. C. (2021). The white\/Black hierarchy institutionalizes white supremacy in nursing and nursing leadership in the United States. <em>Journal of Professional Nursing, 37<\/em>(2), 411\u2013421. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.profnurs.2020.05.005\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.profnurs.2020.05.005<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Jefferies, K., Goldberg, L., Aston, M., &amp; Tomblin Murphy, G. (2018). Understanding the invisibility of Black nurse leaders using a Black feminist poststructuralist framework.<em> Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27<\/em>(15\u201316), 3225\u20133234. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14505\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14505<\/a><\/span><\/p>","rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Imagine being asked to define your personal identity. How would you respond? Would you include:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Your ethnicity?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Your culture?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The languages you speak?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The gender you identify with?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Your religious beliefs and traditions?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The places that you call home?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Now imagine if you could only pick one of these features. Most people would find it difficult.\u00a0 Identity includes gender, sexuality, age, class, race, ethnicity, religion, and ability\/disability, all of which <strong>overlap<\/strong> and<strong> influence<\/strong> how society treats individuals. This is referred to as <strong>intersectionality<\/strong>. Depending on your unique combination of identities, you will experience different forms of privilege and oppression in society (Hankivsky, 2014).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">You might be wondering where the word intersectionality came from.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">It emerged during discussions of a 1976 court case in which several Black women attempted to sue General Motors, which segregated its workforce by both race and gender (Crenshaw, 2015). The organizations only hired men for certain jobs: this included both white and Black men. However, for the jobs designated for women, the company only hired white women, not Black women.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Clearly, General Motors discriminated against Black women, but the case was dismissed. The court argued that General Motors did not discriminate against race and gender because the company employed Black men and white women (Crenshaw, 2015).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">After this ruling, <strong>Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw<\/strong>, a Black American civil rights advocate, created the concept of intersectionality. Crenshaw argued that mainstream feminist theories were based on the experiences of white women and do not address the unique problems faced by Black women, who are not only oppressed because of their gender but also because of the colour of their skin.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Consider how the following intersections of identities might compound experiences of oppression in Canadian society:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A Black woman who is also transgender and bald.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">An older Indigenous man who is also poor and in a wheelchair.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A South Asian man who is also Muslim and not married.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Returning to anti-Black racism, Crenshaw\u2019s work helps clarify how the experiences of Black communities are heavily affected by their identity as Black. These individuals face many barriers, including those related to economic opportunities, and Black women are affected even more. Even in caring gendered professions such as nursing, Black nurses remain under-represented in leadership and are unfairly disciplined compared with their white colleagues (Iheduru-Anderson, 2021; Jefferies et al., 2018).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">As a nurse, you should use a <strong>holistic lens<\/strong> to help address the gaps in healthcare for Black, Indigenous, and racialized individuals. Think about the many <strong>different forms of oppression<\/strong> that compound and affect a person\u2019s health and well-being. We can use the intersectionality framework to address inequitable policies, culture, and procedures in healthcare. What will you do to address intersectional oppression? How can nurses be agents of change for a better tomorrow?<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Activity: Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Watch the TED talk \u201cThe urgency of intersectionality\u201d by Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw to learn more about intersectionality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"The urgency of intersectionality | Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw | TED\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/akOe5-UsQ2o?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Video: The urgency of intersectionality [18:50]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-4\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-4\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"4\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 1 Racism and Intersectionality\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">To learn more about Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/speakers\/kimberle_crenshaw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ted.com\/speakers\/kimberle_crenshaw<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Crenshaw, K. (2015, October 28). Opinion: Why intersectionality can\u2019t wait. <em>The Washington Post<\/em>.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/in-theory\/wp\/2015\/09\/24\/why-intersectionality-cant-wait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/in-theory\/wp\/2015\/09\/24\/why-intersectionality-cant-wait<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.). <em>What is intersectionality?<\/em> Encyclopedia Britannica. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/story\/what-is-intersectionality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/story\/what-is-intersectionality<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Hankivsky, O. (2014).<em> Intersectionality 101<\/em>. The Institute for Intersectionality Research &amp; Policy, SFU.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Hankivsky-Intersectionality101-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Hankivsky-Intersectionality101-2014.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Iheduru-Anderson, K. C. (2021). The white\/Black hierarchy institutionalizes white supremacy in nursing and nursing leadership in the United States. <em>Journal of Professional Nursing, 37<\/em>(2), 411\u2013421. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.profnurs.2020.05.005\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.profnurs.2020.05.005<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Jefferies, K., Goldberg, L., Aston, M., &amp; Tomblin Murphy, G. (2018). Understanding the invisibility of Black nurse leaders using a Black feminist poststructuralist framework.<em> Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27<\/em>(15\u201316), 3225\u20133234. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14505\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14505<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":111,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-82","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":40,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/82","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/111"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/82\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":490,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/82\/revisions\/490"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/40"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/82\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=82"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=82"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=82"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/antiracismnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=82"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}