{"id":384,"date":"2021-08-28T02:36:30","date_gmt":"2021-08-28T06:36:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/assessmentnursing\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=384"},"modified":"2022-07-11T01:20:45","modified_gmt":"2022-07-11T05:20:45","slug":"auscultation-of-the-cardiac-valves","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/chapter\/auscultation-of-the-cardiac-valves\/","title":{"raw":"Auscultation of the Cardiac Valves","rendered":"Auscultation of the Cardiac Valves"},"content":{"raw":"<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Auscultation provides information about the <strong>functioning of the cardiac valves<\/strong>, for example whether they are opening and closing appropriately and the <strong>quality of blood flow<\/strong> through the valves. Cardiac valves include the <strong>atrioventricular valves (AV)<\/strong> (tricuspid and mitral) and the <strong>semilunar valves (SL)<\/strong> (aortic and pulmonic). Remember, auscultate them at the location that corresponds with the flow of blood out of the valve, not at their anatomic location.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Biological background of heart sounds<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">You need to know what you are listening for when auscultating the valves. First, you are listening for <strong>heart sounds (\u201club dub\u201d)<\/strong>. As described above, these sounds are related to the <strong>closing of the heart valves<\/strong> and referred to as S1 (lub) and S2 (dub). In a healthy heart with no valvular pathology, the opening of these valves is silent.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>S1<\/strong> is the <strong>closing<\/strong> of the<strong> AV valves<\/strong> including the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve. Although the mitral valve closure occurs immediately prior to the tricuspid valve closure because of the route of electrical charges in the heart (i.e., myocardial depolarization), the closing of these valves are generally heard at the same time in the healthy heart \u2013<strong> lub.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>S2<\/strong> is the <strong>closing<\/strong> of the <strong>SL valves<\/strong> including the aortic valve and pulmonic valve. Although the aortic valve closure occurs immediately prior to the pulmonic valve closure because of the route of electrical charges in the heart, the closing of these valves are generally heard at the same time in the healthy heart \u2013 <strong>dub.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Recall what you learned in biology:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">S1 involves the closing of the AV valves, so it is considered the beginning of systole (contraction of the ventricles ejecting blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta).<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">When the AV valves close, all four cardiac valves remain closed momentarily (it\u2019s called isovolumetric contraction) and then the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) open while the ventricles contract.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Then, the semilunar valves close (S2); this is considered the end of systole and the beginning of diastole (relaxation of the ventricles filling with blood)<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">\u00a0When the semilunar valves close, all four cardiac valves are closed momentarily (this is called isovolumetric relaxation) and then the AV valves open and the ventricles fill with blood (i.e., diastole).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Auscultating cardiac valves<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">The steps involved in auscultation of the cardiac valves are (see <strong>Video 4.9<\/strong>):<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">1. Keep the client in a supine position and use draping.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">You can do this assessment with the client in a sitting position, but it is generally easier to do in a supine position because you can drape the client without struggling to hold the drape in place. Also, you might have to ask a client who is sitting to reposition their breasts to auscultate the valves; this is easier in a supine position as larger breasts will typically shift laterally in a supine position.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">NOTE: if you have specific cardiac concerns, you should also listen for murmurs in the left lateral position and in the sitting position with the client leaning forward slightly. This positioning can help you hear any murmurs that might be present.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">2. Cleanse the stethoscope.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">3. Follow the pattern in <strong>Figure 4.8<\/strong>\u00a0to auscultate the cardiac valves.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Particularly when you have concerns, some practitioners will move their stethoscope around several locations at each site. <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Remember, it is important to physically landmark the location of the valves immediately before you auscultate them.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Landmarking for these valves is important. For a reminder about landmarking, go back to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/assessmentnursing\/chapter\/the-heart\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Heart<\/a> page to watch the video.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">4. Auscultate all four valves with the bell, and then begin again and auscultate all four valves with the diaphragm.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Heart sounds are typically classified as low-pitched, but you should use both the bell and diaphragm to distinguish sounds because some may be better heard with the diaphragm versus the bell. For example, S1 is lower in pitch than S2 and some abnormal heart sounds are higher in pitch.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">At each location, listen as long as you need to complete the assessment, but for at least two to three full cardiac cycles (including systole and diastole). You may need to listen longer if you hear abnormal sounds.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">S1 and S2 \u2013 (lub dub) Are they clear and distinct sounds? Or do you hear <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000\">split sounds associated with S1 and S2? This can occur when the tricuspid and mitral valve do not close at the same time or the aortic and pulmonic do not close at the same time.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Murmurs are a whooshing sound associated with turbulent blood flow that can occur when a valve is not opening and closing appropriately. See<strong> Audio 4.2<\/strong> to hear what a murmur sounds like. When a valve is not working properly, this can lead to <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1238\"]regurgitation[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> of blood. Sometimes a murmur is caused by heightened blood flow such as during pregnancy or exercise. Assess whether murmurs are present or absent; if you hear a murmur, the main characteristics to be evaluated are:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Timing with the cardiac phase. Is it associated with S1 or S2?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grading of the loudness of the sound (see <strong>Table 4.2<\/strong>). Murmurs that are grade 4 and above are associated with a palpable thrill.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2021\/11\/4.-cardiac-ausculation-951x1024.png\" alt=\"Blue dots outlining the auscultation sites on a person's chest.\" width=\"395\" height=\"567\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1077\" \/><\/p>\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Figure 4.8<\/strong>: Pattern for auscultation of cardiac valves<\/span>\r\n<div><span><span style=\"color: #000000\">Photo by<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/@mike-jones\">Mike Jones<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">from<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/\">Pexels<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">(image was cropped and illustrated upon for the purposes of this chapter)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">5. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000\">Note the findings<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Normal findings might be documented as: \u201cClear S1 and S2, no split sounds, no murmurs.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Abnormal findings might be documented as: \u201cClear S2, no split sounds, grade II murmur heard best on S1, at the apex.\u201d (This is just one example of an abnormal finding that could be associated with [pb_glossary id=\"1242\"]mitral regurgitation[\/pb_glossary].)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"67\"]<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Audio 4.2:<\/strong> Normal S1\/S2 sounds<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span>[h5p id=\"68\"]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Audio 4.3:<\/strong> Murmur<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">(Attribution statement: taken from<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/wtcs.pressbooks.pub\/nursingskills\/chapter\/9-3-cardiovascular-assessment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/wtcs.pressbooks.pub\/nursingskills\/chapter\/9-3-cardiovascular-assessment\/<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Table 4.2<\/strong>: Levine\u2019s murmur scaled (adapted from Silverman &amp; Wooley, 2008).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid alignleft\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 90px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 1<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Faint\/difficult to hear (not heard right away)<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 2<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A faint murmur heard immediately<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 3<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Moderately loud murmur<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 4<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Loud murmur<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 5<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Very loud murmur. Can be heard if only the edge of the stethoscope is in contact with the skin.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 6<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Loudest possible murmur. The murmur can be heard with the stethoscope just removed from the chest and not touching the skin.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">See <strong>Video 4.10<\/strong> for an in-depth understanding of heart sounds: the main point is that heart sounds can change based on cardiac pathologies. Heart Sounds | Complete Cardiac Sounds with Audio | Heart Sounds Made Easy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/CQuwm-dJ0Wc[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Video 4.9<\/strong>: Auscultation of cardiac valves<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/6StYVx6BVLo[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<strong>Video 4.10<\/strong>: Heart sounds\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Knowledge Bites - Pathophysiology<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The cardiac valves may be associated with many issues, most commonly regurgitation\/prolapse and stenosis. Regurgitation is leaking or backflow of blood through the valve; this is sometimes caused by prolapse in which the valve does not close completely. Stenosis involves narrowing of the valve, which limits\/restricts blood flow through the valve.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Activity: Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">[h5p id=\"35\"]<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">[h5p id=\"36\"]<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Reference<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Silverman, M., &amp; Wooley, C. (2008). Samuel A. Levine and the history of grading systolic murmurs. <em>The American Journal of Cardiology<\/em>, <em>102<\/em>(8), 1107-1110. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.027<\/a><\/p>","rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Auscultation provides information about the <strong>functioning of the cardiac valves<\/strong>, for example whether they are opening and closing appropriately and the <strong>quality of blood flow<\/strong> through the valves. Cardiac valves include the <strong>atrioventricular valves (AV)<\/strong> (tricuspid and mitral) and the <strong>semilunar valves (SL)<\/strong> (aortic and pulmonic). Remember, auscultate them at the location that corresponds with the flow of blood out of the valve, not at their anatomic location.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Biological background of heart sounds<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">You need to know what you are listening for when auscultating the valves. First, you are listening for <strong>heart sounds (\u201club dub\u201d)<\/strong>. As described above, these sounds are related to the <strong>closing of the heart valves<\/strong> and referred to as S1 (lub) and S2 (dub). In a healthy heart with no valvular pathology, the opening of these valves is silent.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>S1<\/strong> is the <strong>closing<\/strong> of the<strong> AV valves<\/strong> including the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve. Although the mitral valve closure occurs immediately prior to the tricuspid valve closure because of the route of electrical charges in the heart (i.e., myocardial depolarization), the closing of these valves are generally heard at the same time in the healthy heart \u2013<strong> lub.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>S2<\/strong> is the <strong>closing<\/strong> of the <strong>SL valves<\/strong> including the aortic valve and pulmonic valve. Although the aortic valve closure occurs immediately prior to the pulmonic valve closure because of the route of electrical charges in the heart, the closing of these valves are generally heard at the same time in the healthy heart \u2013 <strong>dub.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Recall what you learned in biology:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">S1 involves the closing of the AV valves, so it is considered the beginning of systole (contraction of the ventricles ejecting blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta).<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">When the AV valves close, all four cardiac valves remain closed momentarily (it\u2019s called isovolumetric contraction) and then the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) open while the ventricles contract.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Then, the semilunar valves close (S2); this is considered the end of systole and the beginning of diastole (relaxation of the ventricles filling with blood)<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">\u00a0When the semilunar valves close, all four cardiac valves are closed momentarily (this is called isovolumetric relaxation) and then the AV valves open and the ventricles fill with blood (i.e., diastole).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Auscultating cardiac valves<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The steps involved in auscultation of the cardiac valves are (see <strong>Video 4.9<\/strong>):<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">1. Keep the client in a supine position and use draping.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">You can do this assessment with the client in a sitting position, but it is generally easier to do in a supine position because you can drape the client without struggling to hold the drape in place. Also, you might have to ask a client who is sitting to reposition their breasts to auscultate the valves; this is easier in a supine position as larger breasts will typically shift laterally in a supine position.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">NOTE: if you have specific cardiac concerns, you should also listen for murmurs in the left lateral position and in the sitting position with the client leaning forward slightly. This positioning can help you hear any murmurs that might be present.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">2. Cleanse the stethoscope.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">3. Follow the pattern in <strong>Figure 4.8<\/strong>\u00a0to auscultate the cardiac valves.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Particularly when you have concerns, some practitioners will move their stethoscope around several locations at each site. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Remember, it is important to physically landmark the location of the valves immediately before you auscultate them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Landmarking for these valves is important. For a reminder about landmarking, go back to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/assessmentnursing\/chapter\/the-heart\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Heart<\/a> page to watch the video.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">4. Auscultate all four valves with the bell, and then begin again and auscultate all four valves with the diaphragm.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Heart sounds are typically classified as low-pitched, but you should use both the bell and diaphragm to distinguish sounds because some may be better heard with the diaphragm versus the bell. For example, S1 is lower in pitch than S2 and some abnormal heart sounds are higher in pitch.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">At each location, listen as long as you need to complete the assessment, but for at least two to three full cardiac cycles (including systole and diastole). You may need to listen longer if you hear abnormal sounds.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">S1 and S2 \u2013 (lub dub) Are they clear and distinct sounds? Or do you hear <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000\">split sounds associated with S1 and S2? This can occur when the tricuspid and mitral valve do not close at the same time or the aortic and pulmonic do not close at the same time.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Murmurs are a whooshing sound associated with turbulent blood flow that can occur when a valve is not opening and closing appropriately. See<strong> Audio 4.2<\/strong> to hear what a murmur sounds like. When a valve is not working properly, this can lead to <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"384-1238\">regurgitation<\/button><\/strong> of blood. Sometimes a murmur is caused by heightened blood flow such as during pregnancy or exercise. Assess whether murmurs are present or absent; if you hear a murmur, the main characteristics to be evaluated are:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Timing with the cardiac phase. Is it associated with S1 or S2?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grading of the loudness of the sound (see <strong>Table 4.2<\/strong>). Murmurs that are grade 4 and above are associated with a palpable thrill.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2021\/11\/4.-cardiac-ausculation-951x1024.png\" alt=\"Blue dots outlining the auscultation sites on a person's chest.\" width=\"395\" height=\"567\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1077\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Figure 4.8<\/strong>: Pattern for auscultation of cardiac valves<\/span><\/p>\n<div><span><span style=\"color: #000000\">Photo by<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/@mike-jones\">Mike Jones<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">from<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/\">Pexels<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">(image was cropped and illustrated upon for the purposes of this chapter)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">5. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000\">Note the findings<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Normal findings might be documented as: \u201cClear S1 and S2, no split sounds, no murmurs.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Abnormal findings might be documented as: \u201cClear S2, no split sounds, grade II murmur heard best on S1, at the apex.\u201d (This is just one example of an abnormal finding that could be associated with <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"384-1242\">mitral regurgitation<\/button>.)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-67\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-67\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"67\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Normal S1\/S2\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Audio 4.2:<\/strong> Normal S1\/S2 sounds<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-68\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-68\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"68\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Murmur - Mitral Valve Regurgitation\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Audio 4.3:<\/strong> Murmur<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">(Attribution statement: taken from<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/wtcs.pressbooks.pub\/nursingskills\/chapter\/9-3-cardiovascular-assessment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/wtcs.pressbooks.pub\/nursingskills\/chapter\/9-3-cardiovascular-assessment\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Table 4.2<\/strong>: Levine\u2019s murmur scaled (adapted from Silverman &amp; Wooley, 2008).<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"grid alignleft\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 90px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 1<\/span><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Faint\/difficult to hear (not heard right away)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 2<\/span><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A faint murmur heard immediately<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 3<\/span><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Moderately loud murmur<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 4<\/span><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Loud murmur<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 5<\/span><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Very loud murmur. Can be heard if only the edge of the stethoscope is in contact with the skin.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Grade 6<\/span><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Loudest possible murmur. The murmur can be heard with the stethoscope just removed from the chest and not touching the skin.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">See <strong>Video 4.10<\/strong> for an in-depth understanding of heart sounds: the main point is that heart sounds can change based on cardiac pathologies. Heart Sounds | Complete Cardiac Sounds with Audio | Heart Sounds Made Easy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Auscultation of Cardiac Valves\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CQuwm-dJ0Wc?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Video 4.9<\/strong>: Auscultation of cardiac valves<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Heart Sounds Made Incredibly Easy | Complete Guide to Cardiac Sounds (with sound&#39;s audios)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6StYVx6BVLo?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Video 4.10<\/strong>: Heart sounds<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Knowledge Bites &#8211; Pathophysiology<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The cardiac valves may be associated with many issues, most commonly regurgitation\/prolapse and stenosis. Regurgitation is leaking or backflow of blood through the valve; this is sometimes caused by prolapse in which the valve does not close completely. Stenosis involves narrowing of the valve, which limits\/restricts blood flow through the valve.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Activity: Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-35\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-35\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"35\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Ch 4 - Auscultation of the Cardiac Valves\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-36\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-36\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"36\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Ch 4 - Auscultation of the Cardiac Valves (Dialogue Card)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Reference<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Silverman, M., &amp; Wooley, C. (2008). Samuel A. Levine and the history of grading systolic murmurs. <em>The American Journal of Cardiology<\/em>, <em>102<\/em>(8), 1107-1110. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.027<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"384-1238\" hidden><p>refers to blood leaking backwards through the valve.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"384-1242\" hidden><p>refers to when the valve does not fully close and blood flows backwards.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":177,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-384","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":27,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/384","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/177"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/384\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2122,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/384\/revisions\/2122"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/27"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/384\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=384"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=384"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}