{"id":78,"date":"2022-09-19T09:25:32","date_gmt":"2022-09-19T13:25:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=78"},"modified":"2023-01-10T16:58:47","modified_gmt":"2023-01-10T21:58:47","slug":"introduction-to-the-musculoskeletal-system","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/chapter\/introduction-to-the-musculoskeletal-system\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System","rendered":"Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System"},"content":{"raw":"<span style=\"color: #000000\">The musculoskeletal system (MSK) is important to assess as it is considered the body\u2019s framework and supportive structure. It has additional roles such as [pb_glossary id=\"142\"]hemopoiesis[\/pb_glossary], and mineral and fat storage. See <strong>Figures 1 and 2<\/strong> for an anatomical overview of the MSK system.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">Your assessment provides information about the functioning of this system and potential cues that require your action.<\/span>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Musculoskeletal System Components<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">The main components of the MSK system include the skeleton:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Skull, including the cranial and facial bones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Vertebral column with intervertebral discs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Thoracic cage with sternum and ribs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Clavicle and scapula.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Upper and lower limb bones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Hip\/pelvis bones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">The skeleton also includes cartilage in particular areas of the body such as the nose, ears, [pb_glossary id=\"143\"]costal cartilage[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"144\"]articular cartilage[\/pb_glossary] in joints (e.g., shoulder, hips, knees, elbows, wrists\/hands, and ankles\/feet). See <strong>Figure 3<\/strong> for an anatomical overview of the articular cartilage and synovial joint.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">The skeleton is supported by muscles. Skeletal muscles specifically attach to the bones of the skeleton and provide support. The MSK system is connected and supported by joints. These joints include articular cartilage, ligaments, and tendons to connect the MSK system together. Many joints have a cavity with synovial fluid between the articulating joints that permits mobility, including the shoulders, elbows, wrists\/fingers, hips, knees, and ankles\/toes. Other joints do not have a cavity with synovial fluid including cranial sutures (which are not moveable) and the vertebral column (which is slightly moveable). Bones are connected by ligaments, and tendons connect muscle to bone.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Anterior-View.png\" alt=\"Major muscles of the body anterior view, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"600\" height=\"629\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-145\" \/><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Posterior-View.png\" alt=\"Major muscles of the body. Right side superficial, left side deep - posterior view, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"600\" height=\"611\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-186\" \/>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Figure 1:<\/strong> Muscular system (anterior view on top image, posterior view on bottom image)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">Attribution:<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/medicalterminology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Building a Medical Terminology Foundation<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">by Kimberlee Carter and Marie Rutherford is licensed under a<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>, <span style=\"color: #000000\">except where otherwise noted.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Skeletal-System.png\" alt=\"Anterior and posterior view of skeletal system, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"650\" height=\"556\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-190\" \/> <img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Vertebral-Column.png\" alt=\"Skeletal system - spine, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"650\" height=\"553\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-191\" \/>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Figure 2:<\/strong> Skeletal system<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">Attribution:<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/medicalterminology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Building a Medical Terminology Foundation<\/a><span style=\"color: #000000\"> by Kimberlee Carter and Marie Rutherford is licensed under a<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>, <span style=\"color: #000000\">except where otherwise noted.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Picture1.png\" alt=\"Articular cartilage, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"400\" height=\"452\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-192\" \/><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Figure 3:<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Articular cartilage and synovial joint.<\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">Attribution:<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/medicalterminology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Building a Medical Terminology Foundation<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">by Kimberlee Carter and Marie Rutherford is licensed under a<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>, <span style=\"color: #000000\">except where otherwise noted.<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">You have already learned about the anatomy and physiology of the MSK system, but check out these helpful videos on the<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/rMcg9YzNSEs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">muscular system<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">explained in six minutes and the<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/38MsEkhdECM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">skeletal system<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">explained in seven minutes.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Clinical Tip<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000\">Your MSK assessment will begin when you first meet the client. Remember to incorporate the concept of functional health by assessing the client\u2019s physical capacity to participate in daily activities. For example, a functional assessment includes assessing day-to-day activities such as walking into the room, moving from standing to sitting, signing a consent form, or changing into a hospital gown. Always compare bilaterally during the assessment. Ask clients if they have noticed any changes in their movement and if they have any questions or concerns. Your findings will help to guide your assessment throughout the examination, as well as provide opportunities to incorporate health promotion and prevention education.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Knowledge Bites<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<span>The MSK system is influenced by the neurological system. For example, muscle functioning (e.g., movement and strength) is innervated by the cranial nerves (12 pairs of nerves that send electrical signals from the brain to the body) and the spinal nerves.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Activity: Check Your Understanding<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<div align=\"left\">[h5p id=\"7\"]<\/div>","rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The musculoskeletal system (MSK) is important to assess as it is considered the body\u2019s framework and supportive structure. It has additional roles such as <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"78-142\">hemopoiesis<\/button>, and mineral and fat storage. See <strong>Figures 1 and 2<\/strong> for an anatomical overview of the MSK system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Your assessment provides information about the functioning of this system and potential cues that require your action.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Musculoskeletal System Components<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The main components of the MSK system include the skeleton:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Skull, including the cranial and facial bones.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Vertebral column with intervertebral discs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Thoracic cage with sternum and ribs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Clavicle and scapula.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Upper and lower limb bones.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Hip\/pelvis bones.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The skeleton also includes cartilage in particular areas of the body such as the nose, ears, <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"78-143\">costal cartilage<\/button>, and <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"78-144\">articular cartilage<\/button> in joints (e.g., shoulder, hips, knees, elbows, wrists\/hands, and ankles\/feet). See <strong>Figure 3<\/strong> for an anatomical overview of the articular cartilage and synovial joint.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">The skeleton is supported by muscles. Skeletal muscles specifically attach to the bones of the skeleton and provide support. The MSK system is connected and supported by joints. These joints include articular cartilage, ligaments, and tendons to connect the MSK system together. Many joints have a cavity with synovial fluid between the articulating joints that permits mobility, including the shoulders, elbows, wrists\/fingers, hips, knees, and ankles\/toes. Other joints do not have a cavity with synovial fluid including cranial sutures (which are not moveable) and the vertebral column (which is slightly moveable). Bones are connected by ligaments, and tendons connect muscle to bone.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Anterior-View.png\" alt=\"Major muscles of the body anterior view, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"600\" height=\"629\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Anterior-View.png 882w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Anterior-View-286x300.png 286w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Anterior-View-768x805.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Anterior-View-65x68.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Anterior-View-225x236.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Anterior-View-350x367.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Posterior-View.png\" alt=\"Major muscles of the body. Right side superficial, left side deep - posterior view, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"600\" height=\"611\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Posterior-View.png 882w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Posterior-View-295x300.png 295w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Posterior-View-768x782.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Posterior-View-65x66.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Posterior-View-225x229.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Posterior-View-350x356.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Figure 1:<\/strong> Muscular system (anterior view on top image, posterior view on bottom image)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Attribution:<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/medicalterminology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Building a Medical Terminology Foundation<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">by Kimberlee Carter and Marie Rutherford is licensed under a<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>, <span style=\"color: #000000\">except where otherwise noted.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Skeletal-System.png\" alt=\"Anterior and posterior view of skeletal system, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"650\" height=\"556\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Skeletal-System.png 1204w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Skeletal-System-300x256.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Skeletal-System-1024x875.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Skeletal-System-768x656.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Skeletal-System-65x56.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Skeletal-System-225x192.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Skeletal-System-350x299.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Vertebral-Column.png\" alt=\"Skeletal system - spine, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"650\" height=\"553\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Vertebral-Column.png 1168w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Vertebral-Column-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Vertebral-Column-1024x871.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Vertebral-Column-768x653.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Vertebral-Column-65x55.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Vertebral-Column-225x191.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Vertebral-Column-350x298.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Figure 2:<\/strong> Skeletal system<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Attribution:<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/medicalterminology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Building a Medical Terminology Foundation<\/a><span style=\"color: #000000\"> by Kimberlee Carter and Marie Rutherford is licensed under a<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>, <span style=\"color: #000000\">except where otherwise noted.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Picture1.png\" alt=\"Articular cartilage, more details in the surrounding text and links.\" width=\"400\" height=\"452\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Picture1.png 269w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Picture1-265x300.png 265w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Picture1-65x73.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/367\/2022\/09\/Picture1-225x254.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Figure 3:<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> Articular cartilage and synovial joint.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Attribution:<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/medicalterminology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Building a Medical Terminology Foundation<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">by Kimberlee Carter and Marie Rutherford is licensed under a<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>, <span style=\"color: #000000\">except where otherwise noted.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">You have already learned about the anatomy and physiology of the MSK system, but check out these helpful videos on the<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/rMcg9YzNSEs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">muscular system<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">explained in six minutes and the<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/38MsEkhdECM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">skeletal system<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000\">explained in seven minutes.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Clinical Tip<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000\">Your MSK assessment will begin when you first meet the client. Remember to incorporate the concept of functional health by assessing the client\u2019s physical capacity to participate in daily activities. For example, a functional assessment includes assessing day-to-day activities such as walking into the room, moving from standing to sitting, signing a consent form, or changing into a hospital gown. Always compare bilaterally during the assessment. Ask clients if they have noticed any changes in their movement and if they have any questions or concerns. Your findings will help to guide your assessment throughout the examination, as well as provide opportunities to incorporate health promotion and prevention education.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Knowledge Bites<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><span>The MSK system is influenced by the neurological system. For example, muscle functioning (e.g., movement and strength) is innervated by the cranial nerves (12 pairs of nerves that send electrical signals from the brain to the body) and the spinal nerves.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Activity: Check Your Understanding<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div id=\"h5p-7\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-7\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"7\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Joints with synovial fluid include\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"78-142\" hidden><p>refers to blood cell formation.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"78-143\" hidden><p>connects the sternum to the ribs and helps with motion to expand the chest during respiration.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"78-144\" hidden><p>is flexible connective tissue covering the end of bones in synovial joints and help the bones glide over one another.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":34,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-78","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":22,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1697,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions\/1697"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/22"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursing2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=78"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}