{"id":228,"date":"2021-08-10T15:29:58","date_gmt":"2021-08-10T19:29:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/chapter\/draft-2\/"},"modified":"2024-06-06T11:03:38","modified_gmt":"2024-06-06T15:03:38","slug":"draft-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/chapter\/draft-2\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction to the Respiratory System","rendered":"Introduction to the Respiratory System"},"content":{"raw":"<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The respiratory system is important to assess because it is responsible for gas exchange, specifically facilitating oxygenation and ridding the body of carbon dioxide. If this system is not functioning properly,<strong> [pb_glossary id=\"372\"]hypoxemia[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"374\"]hypoxia[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, and <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"526\"]hypercapnia[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u00a0can occur. These pathophysiological processes can affect all body systems. As a nurse, your assessment of the respiratory system provides information about the functioning of this system and potential cues that require your action.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Respiratory System Components<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The main components of the respiratory system include the upper and lower respiratory tract (see <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The upper respiratory tract includes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The pharynx and larynx.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The lower respiratory tract includes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The trachea, bronchi, and respiratory units.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The lungs (three right lobes and two left lobes).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The pleural membranes (visceral and parietal) and the pleural cavity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The diaphragm.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2021\/10\/Major-Respiratory-Structures-1024x789.png\" alt=\"Shows the main components of the respiratory system as described in the text above.\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-939\" width=\"1024\" height=\"789\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2021\/11\/Paranasal-Sinuses.jpeg\" alt=\"Shows the location of the frontal sinuses above the eyes and the maxillary sinuses by the zygomatic bones.\" class=\"wp-image-1427 aligncenter\" width=\"541\" height=\"380\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Figure 1<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: Anatomy of the respiratory system<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">(Attribution:\u00a0Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix.\u00a0OpenStax,\u00a0Anatomy &amp; Physiology.\u00a02013. Used under a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000\">license.\u00a0Download for free at<\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">You have already learned about the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system: see <strong>Video 1<\/strong> and <strong>Video 2<\/strong> for a quick overview.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Video 1<\/strong>: Respiratory system physiology.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/qGiPZf7njqY[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/high-school-biology\/hs-human-body-systems\/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems\/v\/meet-the-lungs\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/high-school-biology\/hs-human-body-systems\/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems\/v\/meet-the-lungs<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Video 2<\/strong>: How the lungs work.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8NUxvJS-_0k[\/embed]\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Clinical Tip<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The respiratory system is interconnected and influences many other body systems, so it is rarely assessed in isolation. When attempting to make sense of concerning respiratory cues, nurses commonly assess other body systems: cardiovascular, skin, and musculoskeletal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The respiratory system is important to assess because it is responsible for gas exchange, specifically facilitating oxygenation and ridding the body of carbon dioxide. If this system is not functioning properly,<strong> <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"228-372\">hypoxemia<\/button><\/strong>, <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"228-374\">hypoxia<\/button><\/strong>, and <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"228-526\">hypercapnia<\/button><\/strong>\u00a0can occur. These pathophysiological processes can affect all body systems. As a nurse, your assessment of the respiratory system provides information about the functioning of this system and potential cues that require your action.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Respiratory System Components<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The main components of the respiratory system include the upper and lower respiratory tract (see <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The upper respiratory tract includes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The pharynx and larynx.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The lower respiratory tract includes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The trachea, bronchi, and respiratory units.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The lungs (three right lobes and two left lobes).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The pleural membranes (visceral and parietal) and the pleural cavity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The diaphragm.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2021\/10\/Major-Respiratory-Structures-1024x789.png\" alt=\"Shows the main components of the respiratory system as described in the text above.\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-939\" width=\"1024\" height=\"789\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/assessmentnursing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/192\/2021\/11\/Paranasal-Sinuses.jpeg\" alt=\"Shows the location of the frontal sinuses above the eyes and the maxillary sinuses by the zygomatic bones.\" class=\"wp-image-1427 aligncenter\" width=\"541\" height=\"380\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Figure 1<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: Anatomy of the respiratory system<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">(Attribution:\u00a0Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix.\u00a0OpenStax,\u00a0Anatomy &amp; Physiology.\u00a02013. Used under a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000\">license.\u00a0Download for free at<\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">You have already learned about the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system: see <strong>Video 1<\/strong> and <strong>Video 2<\/strong> for a quick overview.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Video 1<\/strong>: Respiratory system physiology.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Meet the lungs | Respiratory system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qGiPZf7njqY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/high-school-biology\/hs-human-body-systems\/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems\/v\/meet-the-lungs\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/high-school-biology\/hs-human-body-systems\/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems\/v\/meet-the-lungs<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Video 2<\/strong>: How the lungs work.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"How do lungs work? - Emma Bryce\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8NUxvJS-_0k?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Clinical Tip<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The respiratory system is interconnected and influences many other body systems, so it is rarely assessed in isolation. When attempting to make sense of concerning respiratory cues, nurses commonly assess other body systems: cardiovascular, skin, and musculoskeletal.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"228-372\" hidden><p>refers to low levels of oxygen in the blood.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"228-374\" hidden><p>refers to low levels of oxygen in tissues and organs.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"228-526\" hidden><p>refers to high blood levels of carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":34,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[72],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-228","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-december-2021","license-cc-by-nc"],"part":224,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/228","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2650,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/228\/revisions\/2650"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/224"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/228\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=228"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=228"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/assessmentnursingmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}