{"id":83,"date":"2016-10-12T13:24:24","date_gmt":"2016-10-12T13:24:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/authorsguide\/?post_type=chapter&p=83"},"modified":"2017-11-20T18:40:27","modified_gmt":"2017-11-20T18:40:27","slug":"style-guide","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/authorsguide\/chapter\/style-guide\/","title":{"raw":"Style Guide","rendered":"Style Guide"},"content":{"raw":"Before adapting an existing book, or creating a new one, it's important to establish a road map that will guide the style of the work. This Style Guide, developed by the B.C. Open Textbook project, will provide a framework from which to begin. In addition to this guide, you can create a Style Sheet<\/a><\/span> that outlines the specific characteristics of your book.\r\n

Manuals and Dictionaries<\/h2>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Canadian Oxford Dictionary,<\/em> 2nd ed.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Editing Canadian English<\/em>, 2nd ed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFor in-text citations and reference lists, consult style manual particular to the discipline of the specific book (e.g., MLA Handbook<\/em>, APA<\/em>, Chicago Manual of Style<\/em>). <\/span>\r\n

    Citation Style<\/h2>\r\nSelect the citation style to be used for referencing material in your book and note this on your Style Sheet<\/a>. If you are writing for a specific discipline, select the citation style appropriate for your area. If you are adapting an existing book, use the citation style chosen by the original author.\r\n\r\nUse the citation style you've selected to set out rules for your book and record them in your Style Sheet to ensure consistency. Some basic questions to ask yourself:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. What will in-text citations look like?<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. When inserting direct quotations, is a page number required?<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. How will you list multiple authors for an in-text citation or entry in a\u00a0reference list?<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. Where will the reference list be located?<\/li>\r\n \t
    5. Will you use footnotes instead of a reference list?<\/li>\r\n \t
    6. How will you ensure that all in-text citations are noted in full in the reference list?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nIf you are creating a table, chart or graph, see \"Citation vs Attribution\" in\u00a0Images: Captions, Attributions and Citations<\/a> for information on how to add in-text citations.\r\n\r\nIf you are adapting a work and remove an in-text citation, remember to remove this reference from the reference list at the end of the chapter.\r\n\r\nIf you want to indicate sources used for writing that have not been specifically cited in the text, add these items to a Bibliography at the end of the chapter.\r\n\r\nPay close attention to the punctuation used for the citation style you've chose, such as:\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. How periods are used<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. Use of italics<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. Use of brackets<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. Use of quotation marks<\/li>\r\n \t
      5. Use of spaces<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nNote: No periods should be used after URLs when they end a reference list entry.\r\n

        Captions<\/h2>\r\nSee Images: Captions, Citations and Attributions<\/a>\r\n

        Spelling<\/h2>\r\nIn general, Canadian spellings should be used. Consult\u00a0Canadian Spellings<\/a>\u00a0for first-choice spelling preferences. List any exceptions in your Style Sheet<\/a>.\r\n

        Punctuation<\/h2>\r\nConsider how punctuation will be handled in your book. Below is one standard to use as a model. If you choose one or more different styles, enter these on your Style Sheet<\/a>.\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. Use a serial comma, i.e., a comma placed immediately before the coordinating conjunctive (and, or, nor<\/em>) in a series of three or more terms.\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. Serial comma: There were cows, horses, and pigs in the barn.<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. No serial comma: There were cows, horses and pigs in the barn.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. Use commas in numerals over 999 (e.g., 1,000; 45,000)<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. In displayed lists, always start items with a capital letter. Use end punctuation, such as a period, with full sentences only.<\/li>\r\n \t
          5. Do NOT capitalize the first letter of the first word after a colon unless the colon introduces two or more sentences.<\/li>\r\n \t
          6. With em dashes (inserted in Pressbooks by adding two hyphens side-by-side), insert a space on either side.<\/li>\r\n \t
          7. Use the North American system for quotation marks: periods and commas always go inside quotation marks; semicolons and colons go outside.<\/li>\r\n \t
          8. Use double quotes for all quoted matters. Single quotation marks should be reserved to enclose quotes within quotes. (e.g., Mark exclaimed, \u201cYou have driven a stake into my heart! Now I truly understand Caesar\u2019s words, \u2018Et tu Brute?\u2019 How could you treat me so?\u201d)\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. Some exceptions to this system may be appropriate in specific disciplines. Please check with your project manager or copy editor.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. Place footnote numbers outside punctuation (usually a comma or period).<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. Do not use periods in abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms, except as noted in spelling list (e.g., et al., etc., i.e. are the most common that retain the periods).<\/li>\r\n \t
            4. Do not hyphenate Latin phrases used adjectivally: ad hoc proposal, post hoc analysis.<\/li>\r\n \t
            5. For hanging hyphen constructions (15- to 19-year-olds), do not hyphenate after \u201cto.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t
            6. Do not use quotes with so-called (e.g., Her so-called friend left her standing in the rain.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

              Use of boldface<\/h2>\r\nBoldface is reserved for key terms within the text body. It should not be used for emphasizing a word or phrase.\r\n

              Use of italics<\/h2>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. Use italics for words used as words (e.g., The term vocal cord<\/em>s is often misspelled. What do you mean by nexus<\/em>?)<\/li>\r\n \t
              2. The titles of movies, TV shows, and radio programs are\u00a0italicized (e.g.,<\/span> <\/span>The Grey Fox, Definitely Not the Opera<\/i>).\u00a0The names of bands and music channels are regular font not italic (e.g., Bob\u2019s Your Uncle, MuchMusic).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
              3. See Italics and Foreign Words<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                Dashes<\/h2>\r\n

                Em dashes ( -- )<\/h3>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. The em dash is the standard for breaking a sentence or setting off parenthetical statements. <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                2. With em dashes, insert a space on either side.<\/li>\r\n \t
                3. In Pressbooks,\u00a0the em dash is created by using two hyphens. In the Book view, two hyphens will look like one long (em) dash.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                  En dashes (-)<\/h3>\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. Use an en dash when expressing a range of years such as birth to death, e,g., 1955-2001.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. There should be no space on either side of the en dash.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  3. In Pressbooks, use one hyphen to indicate an one short (en) dash.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                    Spacing<\/h2>\r\nUse only one space\u00a0after a period (i.e., between sentences) and after a colon (:).\r\n

                    Italics and Foreign Words<\/h2>\r\n<\/a>Often foreign words are italicized in a textbook.\u00a0 However, if you're not sure whether to use italics or not, consider the following:<\/span>\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. If the word is not italicized in the dictionary, then italics shouldn't be used<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                    2. \"Common\" foreign words do not take italics (e.g. ad hoc, vis-a-vis)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                    3. In Canadian English, many French words are not italicized.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nIf you're not sure whether to use italics or not, do your best. Any errors will be picked up during the copy editing and proofing process.<\/span>\r\n

                      Emphasizing Words with Punctuation<\/h2>\r\nSometimes an author will want to stress or emphasis a word or phrase. While acceptable, this practice should be kept to a minimum. In most cases, the word(s) should be written in a way that the stress or importance of a word or term is clear in context. Follow these guidelines:\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. Do NOT use boldface or quotation marks for emphasis. Boldface<\/strong> is reserved for key terms within the text body.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. Use italics for words used as words (e.g., The term vocal cord<\/em>s is often misspelled. What do you mean by nexus<\/em>?)<\/li>\r\n \t
                      3. Words that are meant to alert the reader that a term or word is used in nonstandard, ironic, or other special sense should be marked off with quotation marks (e.g., \u201cChild protection\u201d sometimes fails to protect).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                      4. Words that are common expressions and figures of speech should\u00a0NOT\u00a0be set off in any way (and in this text, sometimes they are).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                        Measurements<\/h2>\r\nMetric measurements should be used, i.e., km not miles; mm, cm and metres, not inches, feet or yards; kg not lbs; Celsius (C) not Fahrenheit (F).\r\n\r\nIf an existing book is being revised, convert imperial measurements to metric and round off the result. For example, 10 inches equals 25.4 cm. Record this as 25 cm.\r\n

                        Numbers<\/h2>\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        1. Spell out numbers from one to nine and use arabic numerals for numbers greater than nine, except as indicated in checklist below.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        2. For ordinals, spell out first through ninth unless they are part of an array that includes a higher ordinal. Ordinals greater than ninth are expressed as numerals unless they occur at the beginning of a sentence (\u2026in the 12th century but Twelfth-century monks...). Acceptable suffixes are 21st, 32nd, 43rd, 54th.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        3. Spell out fractions in running text with a hyphen (e.g., two-thirds).<\/li>\r\n \t
                        4. Use commas in numbers greater than 999.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        5. For percentages, use arabic numbers and the % symbol, closed up. The symbol should be repeated with each number in a range or series (the incidence varied from 1% to 4%; 6% to 7% of cases). If a sentence begins with a percent value, spell out both number and percent.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        6. For temperatures, use arabic numerals and the degree symbol (37.8\u00b0C).<\/li>\r\n \t
                        7. For times of day, use a colon only when a fraction of an hour is indicated (9:05 a.m.; otherwise 2 p.m.). With 12 o\u2019clock, specify noon or midnight.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        8. For number ranges in text, use \u201cto\u201d (50 to 100 mg) except for years (1998\u201399, 1999\u20132013) and pages (213\u2013223), which take en-dashes.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        9. For number ranges in tables and parentheses, use an en-dash (50\u2013100 mg).<\/li>\r\n \t
                        10. Always use numerals with school grades (e.g., Grade 6).<\/li>\r\n \t
                        11. Use digits and abbreviations in measurements (e.g., puzzle boxes were 50 cm long, 38 cm wide, and 30 cm tall).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                          Use numerals rather than words<\/h3>\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          1. In addresses (Suite 2, 400 West Hastings)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          2. For dates (17 May 1948)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          3. As designators (day 8, chapter 10, page 9, protocol 5)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          4. In figure and table designations (Figure 3, Table 6)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          5. For money ($14, $9.97, 6 cents, US$200)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          6. For temperatures (20\u00b0C)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          7. For time of day (11 p.m., 2:45 a.m., 07:30\u201313:00 )<\/li>\r\n \t
                          8. With units of measure (2 m, 7.2 kg)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          9. With percent symbols (0.02%, 99%)<\/li>\r\n \t
                          10. With \u201cmillion\u201d and \u201cbillion\u201d ($1 million, 9.4 billion units)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                            <\/a>Layout<\/h2>\r\n

                            Book<\/h3>\r\nWhen you first begin working with your project manager, you'll be asked to create an outline of your book. This outline should include a list of all chapters and their topics, as well as any front matter (introduction, preface) and back matter (appendices, glossary). Determining the outline, or layout, of the book helps to organize the subject matter and create a project timeline so the book can be appropriately managed.\r\n

                            Chapters and Boxes<\/h3>\r\nOnce you've created a book outline, consider the framework for each chapter and what is needed to\u00a0address pedagogical concerns.\u00a0<\/span>The following items must be identified for your Style Sheet<\/a>.\r\n
                            Use the boxes features only as labelled:<\/div>\r\n
                            \r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            1. Learning Objectives<\/li>\r\n \t
                            2. Key Takeaways (can be relabelled as Key Terms)<\/li>\r\n \t
                            3. Exercises (or related items such as Answers, Questions)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
                              For other items, such as References, Further Research, Case History, use:<\/div>\r\n
                              \r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              1. Heading 2 title<\/li>\r\n \t
                              2. You can also highlight this information with a Text box (shaded or plain), found under Formats<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

                                Learning Objectives<\/h4>\r\nThe Learning Objectives function is found at the top of the editing page. Click on \"LO\" to insert this box.\r\n\r\n\"LearningObjectives\"<\/a>\r\n\r\nThis is what the LO box looks like:\r\n
                                \r\n

                                Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nType your learning objectives here.\r\n