{"id":145,"date":"2018-08-29T12:07:13","date_gmt":"2018-08-29T16:07:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/10-1-verbal-communication-and-conversation\/"},"modified":"2023-12-19T21:15:29","modified_gmt":"2023-12-20T02:15:29","slug":"10-1-verbal-communication-and-conversation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/10-1-verbal-communication-and-conversation\/","title":{"raw":"10.1: Verbal Communication and Conversation","rendered":"10.1: Verbal Communication and Conversation"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n1. Explain how to use your voice effectively in professional situations.\r\n\r\n2. Identify the five stages of a conversation and general strategies for improving conversation skills.\r\n\r\n3. Communicate effectively by telephone in a professional manner.\r\n\r\n4. Plan and deliver short, organized spoken messages and oral reports tailored to specific audiences and purposes.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">i. Use effective and engaging language and non-verbal behaviours.\r\nii. Use verbal and nonverbal techniques to enhance spoken messages.\r\niii. Communicate via voice messaging.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nYour professional success depends on having advanced people (a.k.a. \u201csoft\u201d) skills because most jobs require you to talk to people. Key among these is skill in speaking to and conversing with others in person. Retail sales, for instance, requires the ability to listen carefully to what a customer says they want and \u201cread\u201d their nonverbals to determine what exactly to say and how to say it in order to close the deal with a purchase. Aside from a handful of jobs with minimal human interaction <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/best-jobs-for-antisocial-people-2016-10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Gillett, 2016)<\/a>, the vast majority require advanced soft skills to deal effectively with customers or clients, coworkers, managers, and other stakeholders. Though we\u2019re not born with them, everyone has the capacity to learn, develop, practise, and apply verbal and nonverbal skills to benefit those audiences, their company as a whole, and themselves.\r\n\r\nYou\u2019ve certainly participated in countless conversations throughout your life, and the process of how to conduct a conversation may seem so obvious that it needs no explanation. Still, you can tell that some are better than others at conversation and some argue that technology is preventing many from developing these skills, so it\u2019s worth breaking down how an effective communicator approaches the art of conversation. A skilled professional knows when to speak, when to go silent and listen, as well as when stop speaking before the audience stops listening. Further, understanding conversation provides a solid foundation for this guide\u2019s crucial advice on job interviews (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/10-3-job-interviews-and-follow-up-messages\/\">\u00a710.3<\/a> below), which follow similar ritual patterns and have their own set of expectations. Though these expectations may differ depending on the field, level, knowledge, and experience, they generally follow the five steps of a basic conversation discussed in this section. First, however, it\u2019s worth examining the voice as the pre-eminent communication channel, how to refine our interpersonal skills in the face of the stunting effects of problem technology use, and how to use voice-only technology effectively.<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"menu\"><\/a>Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#1011\">10.1.1: Your Voice as Your Most Essential Communication Tool<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#1012\">10.1.2: The Five Stages of a Conversation<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#1013\">10.1.3: Improving Your Conversation Skills in the Smartphone Era<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#1014\">10.1.4: Telephone and Voicemail<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBefore diving into these topics, however, let\u2019s review what face-to-face meetings are all about according to the <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/2-3-selecting-appropriate-channels#t23\/\">Table 2.3<\/a> channel selection guide above.<b><\/b>\r\n<h2>Table 2.3 (excerpt): In-person Meetings at a Glance<\/h2>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Channel<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Advantages<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Disadvantages<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Expectations<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Appropriate Use<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">In-person conversation<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The most information-rich channel combining words and nonverbal messages<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dialogue facilitates immediate back-and-forth exchange of ideas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Maintains the human element lacking in most other channels<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Additional participants can join for group discussion<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Requires that speakers travel to be physically in the same space together<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Some people are poor listeners and some are poor speakers<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Impermanent unless recording equipment is used<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Audience must be present and attentive rather than distracted by their mobile technology or multitasking<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use for genuine dialogue rather than monologue or shallow, superficial exchanges<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A dynamic speaking ability is required to engage audiences<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Quickly exchange ideas with people close by<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Visually communicate to complement your words<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add the human element in discussing sensitive or confidential topics that need to be worked out through dialogue<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h1><a id=\"1011\"><\/a>10.1.1: Your Voice as Your Most Essential Communication Tool<\/h1>\r\nWe had hundreds of thousands of years to develop our voice as a communication tool until we added writing to the channel mix relatively recently about 5,000 years ago. Your voice continues to enjoy a privileged place in your communication toolbox, being the first one you use in your infancy when you cry for food and attention the moment you\u2019re born. Since then, you\u2019ve developed richly expressive verbal skills that make your voice your most essential communication tool.\r\n\r\nYour voice has qualities that cannot be communicated in written form, and you use these to your advantage when interacting with colleagues. If you\u2019re sending a general informative message to all employees, an email may serve you well, but if you\u2019re honouring an employee for receiving an industry award, your voice conveys your heartfelt congratulations much better than the written word <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/16-5-rituals-of-conversation-and-interviews\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success<\/em>, 2015, 16.5)<\/a>. When trying to make a point very clearly and emphatically, slowing down your pace so that the listener focuses on each word, raising your volume to jolt the listener into paying closer attention, and dropping your pitch to sound more authoritative all have advantages over using all-caps, bold, italics, and\/or underlining in an email, which altogether can look angry rather than emphatic. For sheer expressiveness and precision in communicating meaning, your voice is your go-to communication tool.\r\n\r\nHow your voice quality, volume, and pitch affect your listener\u2019s understanding of the message\u2019s the content is instrumental especially for persuasive messages. Delivering a message with a happy and enthusiastic tone will have a much different impact than serious or sad tones. In most business situations, it is appropriate to speak with some level of formality, yet avoid sounding stilted or arrogant. Your voice volume should be normal but ensure your listeners can hear you. If your audience includes English learners, speaking louder and shouting don\u2019t help them understand you any better compared with accessible word choices delivered in a normal tone (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/4-5-standard-business-style#4512\/\">\u00a74.5.1.2<\/a> above). Use simple words and short, active-voice sentences of 10-to-20 words, as well as avoid idioms (figures of speech) that don\u2019t translate literally (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/2-2-analyzing-your-audience-2#221\/\">\u00a72.2.1<\/a>). Pitch refers to the frequency of your voice, which you can raise or lower for effect. A pleasant, natural voice will have some variation in pitch\u2014raised for lighthearted quips and lower for serious statements\u2014to communicate nuances of meaning and keep the listener engaged. A speaker with the flat pitch of a robotic-sounding monotone voice tends to bore their listeners because they sound bored themselves <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/15-2-telephonevoip-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success, 2015<\/em>, 15.2)<\/a>. Modulating your volume and pitch helps communicate the emotional spin of your messages, making the spoken communication channel an incredibly rich one.\r\n\r\nWhy, then, is the voice falling into disuse? Why are so many people afraid of using their voice for public speaking and even shy away from one-on-one interaction? Though you probably recognize the importance of literacy and numeracy to your academic and professional success, your schooling probably hasn\u2019t impressed upon you the importance of oracy, and your reliance on writing technology such as texting on your smartphone hasn\u2019t helped either. If you\u2019re encountering this word for the first time, <strong>oracy<\/strong> is skill in speaking and reasoning aloud, such as using evidence to make a persuasive argument, as well as collaborative teamwork through conversation. This is what employers expect employees to do, but there\u2019s little direct focus on it in school curriculum, and hence some anxiety around group speaking into the high-school and college years (<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-oracy-and-why-should-every-child-be-taught-it-31817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercer, Ahmed, &amp; Warwick, 2014<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2017\/09\/oracy-literacy-skill-every-child-needs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McKenna, 2017<\/a>). For the sake of your future employability, then, let\u2019s focus on Conversation 101 by breaking down how we achieve goals through dialogue.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"#menu\">Return to the Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics menu<\/a>\r\n<h1><a id=\"1012\"><\/a>10.1.2: The Five Parts of Conversations<\/h1>\r\nConversation is one of the main ways we interact in the business environment and yet it\u2019s highly susceptible to miscommunication and misunderstandings. Our everyday familiarity with conversations often makes us blind to the subtle changes that take place during the course of a conversation. Examining it will help you to consider its components, predict the next turn, anticipate an opening or closing, and make you a better conversationalist. Steven Beebe, Susan Beebe, and Mark Redmond (2002) break conversation down into five stages that we will adapt here for our discussion.<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"10121\"><\/a>10.1.2.1: Initiation<\/h2>\r\nAs the first stage of conversation, initiation requires you to be open to interact and perhaps use small talk to prime yourselves for the intended topic. You may communicate openness with nonverbal signals such as approaching someone, stopping four feet away, facing them, making eye contact, and smiling. When a degree of unfamiliarity comes between the two speakers, small talk helps \u201cbreak the ice\u201d to clear a path toward the topic at hand. Asking how they\u2019re doing, a casual reference to the weather (\u201cNice day, eh?\u201d) or a brief back-and-forth about the weekend requires someone to begin the exchange. For the very shy, this may trigger some anxiety whereas extraverts delight in this stage, and \u201cambiverts\u201d (e.g., natural introverts who have learned to play the extravert game) do it in recognition of its necessity <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/travisbradberry\/2016\/04\/26\/9-signs-that-youre-an-ambivert\/#3fb7b9753145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Bradberry, 2016)<\/a>. If status and hierarchical relationships are a factor, cultural norms may determine who speaks when. Usually, however, initiation just requires a willingness to engage in conversation and a purpose\u2014something to talk about after clearing the small-talk hurdle.<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"10122\"><\/a>10.1.2.2: Preview<\/h2>\r\nThe preview (a.k.a. \u201cfeedforward\u201d) verbally or nonverbally indicates the conversation topic. A word or two in the subject line of an email performs the same job, but in conversation this can be done as easily as just summarizing the topic in a few words (e.g., <em>Can I ask you about how I can minimize my tax liability?<\/em> or <em>Let\u2019s talk about some basic heavy-equipment safety guidelines before we get started<\/em>). People are naturally curious and also seek certainty, so a preview conveniently reduces uncertainty by taking a direct approach (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/4-1-choosing-an-organizational-pattern#411\/\">\u00a74.1.1<\/a> on the direct approach in writing) to signal the speaker\u2019s intent.\r\n\r\nA general reference to a topic may also approach a topic indirectly, allowing the recipient to either pick up on the topic and to engage in the discussion or to redirect the conversation away from a topic they aren\u2019t ready to talk about. For instance, a manager needing to talk to an employee about being late for work too often might start off by saying, \u201cThat was some nightmare traffic on the highway this morning, eh?\u201d Depending on the employee\u2019s response, the manager could then say what they do to get to work on time, suggesting that the employee should do the same. To reinforce the point, the manager could finally explain that continuing to arrive late will affect the employee\u2019s job security. The savvy communicator would be able to infer from the initial question about traffic where the manager\u2019s going with this line of questioning and may even begin to offer up a convincing excuse for why they\u2019re late and suggest a compromise such as a plan to stay later or make up the lost hours by working from home on the weekend.<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"10123\"><\/a>10.1.2.3: Business<\/h2>\r\nYou get down to business when you reinforce the goal orientation of the conversation. In workplace communication, we often have a specific goal or series of points to address, but we can\u2019t lose sight of the relationship messages within the discussion of content. You may signal to your conversation partner that you have three points you need to cover, much like outlining an agenda at a meeting. This may sound formal at first, but in listening to casual conversations, you\u2019ll often find a natural but unacknowledged list of subtopics leading to a central point where the conversational partners arrive. By clearly articulating the main points, however, you outline the conversation\u2019s parameters to keep it efficiently on track rather than prone to digress from the main point.<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"10124\"><\/a>10.1.2.4: Feedback<\/h2>\r\nSimilar to the preview stage, this feedback allows speakers to clarify, restate, or discuss the talking points to arrive at mutual understanding. In some cultures the points and their feedback may recycle several times, which may sound repetitious in the West where speakers typically prefer to get to the point and move quickly to the conclusion once they\u2019ve achieved understanding. If so, then a simple \u201cAre we good?\u201d might be all that\u2019s necessary at the feedback stage. Communication across cultures, on the other hand, may require additional cycles of statement and restatement to ensure understanding, as well as reinforcement of the speakers\u2019 relationship. Time may be money in some cultures, but spending time is a sign of respect in cultures with rigid social hierarchies (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/10-4-intercultural-communication\/\">\u00a710.4<\/a> below for more in intercultural communication). The feedback stage offers an opportunity to make sure the information exchange was successful the first time. Failure to attend to this stage can lead to the need for additional interactions, reducing efficiency over time.<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"10125\"><\/a>10.1.2.5: Closing<\/h2>\r\nAccepting feedback on both sides of the conversation often signals the transition to the conversation\u2019s conclusion. Closings mirror the initiation stage in that they can be signalled verbally (e.g., \u201cOkay, thanks! Bye\u201d) or nonverbally, such as stepping back and turning your feet and body in the direction of where you\u2019re about to go next in preparation to disengage while still facing and speaking with the other.\r\n\r\nSometimes a speaker introduces new information in the conclusion, which can start the process all over again. If words like \u201cin conclusion\u201d or \u201cokay, one last thing\u201d are used, a set of expectations is now at play and the listener expects a conclusion in the very near future. If the speaker continues to recycle at this point, the listener\u2019s patience will be stretched and frustration sets in. They will have mentally shifted to the next order of business, so this transition must be negotiated successfully to maintain good relations between speakers. Mentioning a time, date, or place for future communication clearly signals that the conversation, although currently concluded, will continue later. \u201cI\u2019m just heading to a meeting right now but I\u2019ll catch you back on the fifth floor tomorrow afternoon, K?\u201d for instance, allows you to respectfully disengage <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/16-5-rituals-of-conversation-and-interviews\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success<\/em>, 2015, 16.5)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"#menu\">Return to the Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics menu<\/a>\r\n<h1><a id=\"1013\"><\/a>10.1.3: Improving Your Conversation Skills in the Smartphone Era<\/h1>\r\nIf you prefer to text rather than talk to people most of the time because that\u2019s how you\u2019ve (and everyone else has) been doing it throughout high school and even in college, you\u2019ll probably find yourself at a disadvantage when entering the workforce. The reason is twofold: (1) When you enter the working world, you join several generations of adults who grew up without smartphones and therefore tend to prefer talking over texting because it\u2019s a tried, tested, and true way to efficiently communicate understanding. Managers, coworkers, customers, and other stakeholders come with high expectations for the quality of conversational skill in the people they interact with, and have little patience for those who are years behind where they should be in basic oracy (see <a href=\"#1011\">\u00a710.1.1<\/a> for more on oracy). (2) You could be addicted to technology, which negatively affects your ability to interact with people in person according to a growing body of research (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/technology\/your-smartphone-is-making-you-stupid\/article37511900\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew-Gee, 2018<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/articles\/addictions\/smartphone-addiction.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smith, Robinson, &amp; Segal, 2018<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inc.com\/john-brandon\/forget-smartphone-addiction-heres-what-experts-are-really-worried-about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandon, 2018<\/a>). Why talk to people when sending a text is just so easy and comfortable?\r\n\r\nIn her book <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.reclaimingconversationbook.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age<\/a><\/em> (2015), psychologist Sherry Turkle draws on clinical research to show how profoundly dissatisfied with ourselves and each other technology has made us. Smartphones and social media apps promise to connect us more but effectively isolate us. After a decade of smartphone use, teenagers whose 10-hour-per-day addiction to screens, preference for texting over talking, and habit of filling every idle moment with media consumption arrive at college with under-developed skills in conversation, empathy, patience, and self-reflection. When teens use technology to shield themselves from the countless awkward, embarrassing, and regrettable in-person interactions that, by a slow learning process, lead eventually to social competence and confidence, they enter the workforce in a state of arrested development. \u201cAdulting\u201d becomes a terrifying prospect compared with the protective comfort zone of the screen. Turkle\u2019s guide offers an antidote to the socially stunting effects of technology.\r\n\r\nMotivational speaker Simon Sinek presents similar advice to Millennials while sympathizing with them for the \u201cbad hand\u201d they were dealt by a \u201cfailed parenting strategy\u201d that raised unrealistic expectations of fulfillment in a whole generation. He similarly points the blame at mobile devices for the short-term dopamine-hit micro-reward feedback-loop pleasures they offer at the expense of the long-term development of soft skills. The enchantment of social media is that it offers users an easy out from the difficult learning experiences that develop the social coping mechanisms helping them through the trials of adolescence. The devices hook you with instant gratification: \u201cEverything you want you can have instantaneously,\u201d he says,\r\n\r\nexcept job satisfaction and strength of relationships. There ain\u2019t no app for that. They are slow, meandering, uncomfortable, messy processes. . . . What this young generation needs to learn is patience\u2014that some things that really matter like love or job fulfillment, joy, love of life, self-confidence, a skill set\u2014all of these things take time. . . . The overall journey is arduous and long and difficult. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=488s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(8:08 - 9:25)<\/a>\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=488s[\/embed]\r\n\r\nSinek advocates for better leadership in business and industry to teach Millennials the social skills they were robbed of by constant access to addictive technology.\r\n\r\nOne practical solution Sinek offers is banning cell phones in meeting rooms to remove the temptation of using them rather than conversing with colleagues. He argues that relationships and trust are built especially through small talk about work and life before and after meetings. Additionally, innovation happens in idle moments when you notice opportunities in the world\u2014opportunities you\u2019re blind to when your attention is absorbed by a little screen. \u201cWe have to create mechanisms where we allow for those little innocuous interactions to happen\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=720s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(12:00 \u2013 13:05)<\/a>. Rather than a quick fix, steady consistency in developing social skills is necessary to bring Millennials up to speed in oracy.\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=720s[\/embed]\r\n\r\nIf anything in the above paragraphs sounds true to life, the onus rests largely on you to improve your conversation skills with all the advice that is available (ironically) on the very devices in question. For instance, we can draw on a very accessible TEDtalk by Celeste Headlee, a talk-radio host and author of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.harpercollins.com\/9780062669001\/we-need-to-talk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">We Need to Talk: How to Have Conversations That Matter<\/a> (2017). We\u2019ll adapt her well-viewed speech <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R1vskiVDwl4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 Ways to Have a Better Conversation<\/a> (2016) for our own purposes below and build on them with a few points of our own.\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R1vskiVDwl4[\/embed]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Be Present<\/strong>: Devote your undivided attention to the person you\u2019re speaking with and don\u2019t multitask. You won\u2019t have to pretend to pay attention by nodding and making eye contact if you\u2019re doing that anyway by actually paying attention. The worst offenders are those to whip out their phone and engage with it rather than the people around them, called \u201cphubbing\u201d (for \u201cphone snubbing\u201d) <a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/5216853\/what-is-phubbing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Ducharme, 2018)<\/a>. Though you may feel that you can get away with phubbing in your college classes by discreetly hiding your cell phone under your desk, your instructor knows exactly what you\u2019re doing when all your attention is on your lap. The rudeness of it will likely get you slightly blacklisted\u2014or fully blacklisted if you do it too much.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Be prepared to learn<\/strong>: A conversation is a dialogue, not a monologue where you simply unload your opinion on someone and receive nothing in return except for the satisfaction of dominating them with it. In certain situations, such as a TEDtalk itself, you give up your right to speak because of the faith that you\u2019ll learn much more by listening to a wise speaker who needs time to get their points across.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ask open-ended questions<\/strong>: The more vague your questions are (starting with the 5 Ws + H), the more freedom you give your conversation partner to answer on their own terms, whereas very specific questions limit the possible answers. If you ask \u201cHow did that make you feel?\u201d for instance, you\u2019ll get a more expressive answer than if you limited your speaker to a yes or no answer with a question like \u201cDid that make you happy?\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Go with the flow<\/strong>: Respond to your conversation partner\u2019s main points rather than with some digressive story you were reminded of by one of their minor points. When you respond in that way, it reveals that you haven\u2019t been listening past the part that inspired the barely relevant thing you feel contributes to the conversation, though it really doesn\u2019t move the conversation along so much as derail it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Admit to not knowing<\/strong>: Make your confession of ignorance an opportunity to learn rather than claim to know something you don\u2019t.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Honour the uniqueness of their experience<\/strong>: When the speaker relates something that happened to them, resist the urge to make it about you by equating their experience with yours. If they\u2019re talking about grieving a death in the family, for instance, don\u2019t dishonour that information share by responding with how you felt when your dog died. It\u2019s not the same.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cut yourself off before repeating yourself<\/strong>: If you have only one point to make, \u201chit it and quit it\u201d rather than spin your wheels saying the same thing over and over, even if you change the words.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Stay out of the weeds<\/strong>: Rather than struggle to offer up all the details (the names, places, dates, etc.) and digress on minutiae, focus on your main points.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Listen<\/strong>: A conversation is a dialogue, not a monologue, and therefore requires that you actively pay attention to what the speaker says in order to understand it rather than to merely reply to it (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/1-5-listening-effectively\/\">\u00a71.5<\/a> above for more on active listening).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Be brief<\/strong>: People are busy and have things to do, so if your conversation detains them for longer than they have time for, you will stretch their patience. As Headlee says, \u201cA good conversation is like a miniskirt: short enough to retain interest, but long enough to cover the subject.\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nHeadlee concludes that these tips are all variations on being interested in what people have to teach you <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R1vskiVDwl4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(TED, 2016)<\/a>. If you add the following to Headlee\u2019s advice, you stand a good chance of improving your conversation skills.\r\n<h2><a id=\"10131\"><\/a>10.1.3.1: Mirror the Speaker<\/h2>\r\nYou may have occasionally caught yourself automatically imitating your conversation partner\u2019s posture, facial expression, and manner of speaking. When they look relaxed or lean in, talk slow because they\u2019re calm or talk fast because they\u2019re in a rush, or widen their eyes with excitement, you follow suit in every case. Coined the \u201cchameleon effect\u201d by psychologists, mirroring is unconscious physical behaviour motivated by our desire to fit in so our conversation partner identifies with and likes us <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.fuqua.duke.edu\/~tlc10\/bio\/TLC_articles\/1999\/Chartrand_Bargh_1999.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Chartrand &amp; Bargh, 1999)<\/a>. It supports the clich\u00e9 that imitation is the highest form of flattery, and happens not only for romantic partners but also for good friends and even workplace colleagues.\r\n\r\nThough it happens unconsciously, mirroring deliberately has been found to be especially effective as a sales technique and in job interviews, though only if the person being imitated doesn\u2019t notice the imitator doing it. If you can be subtle and natural about it, intentional mirroring forces you to read your conversation partner\u2019s verbal and nonverbal messages closely. Done effectively, mirroring benefits both speakers by building the trust and rapport necessary to collaborate effectively or close a deal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/use-mirroring-to-connect-with-others-1474394329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Shellenbarger, 2016)<\/a>.<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"10132\"><\/a>10.1.3.2: Correctly Pronounce Words and Names<\/h2>\r\nThough it\u2019s difficult for learners of English to get the hang of it, take care to carefully pronounce your words. State them the way native English speaker tend to speak them, especially those whose job is to speak, such as radio hosts and actors. An excellent strategy is to watch movies with subtitles to associate the written words with those heard, and then to imitate the pronunciation. When you get more familiar with the language, you can move up to listening to the radio, such as the CBC, and continue to work on the accent at a normal conversational pace without subtitles.\r\n\r\nEven native English speakers should be careful with pronunciation, especially with words they rarely hear, if ever. Mispronunciation can negatively impact your reputation or perceived credibility. Instead of using complicated words that may trip you up, choose a simple phrase if you can, or learn to pronounce the word correctly before using it in a formal interactive setting <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/19-4-business-and-professional-meetings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success<\/em>, 2015, 19.4)<\/a>. If you think you\u2019ll stumble over a word like archipelago, for instance, just use a synonymous phrase such as <em>island chain<\/em>.\r\n\r\nThe importance of pronunciation is nowhere more important than with people\u2019s names. Some take offense to their name being mispronounced, and especially with their name being confused with a different but similar name. If someone\u2019s name looks unpronounceable on paper, simply asking them how they prefer their name to be pronounced is better than confidently mispronouncing it.\r\n\r\nBe careful also with where stresses go when pronouncing words. Every word with more than one syllable has stressed and unstressed syllables. We pronounce the word <em>syllable<\/em>, for instance, by stressing the first syllable (<em>SIH<\/em>)\u2014i.e., raising our volume slightly and spending a little longer enunciating it compared with the two following unstressed syllables (<em>lah-bul<\/em>), which we enunciate quicker and quieter. Stressing the middle syllable (<em>sih-LAH-bul<\/em>) would sound strange.\r\n\r\nBe especially careful pronouncing words you\u2019ve only seen in writing. If you\u2019ve only ever read the fancy word <em>superfluous<\/em>, for instance, but never heard anyone say it aloud, you\u2019d sound slightly silly pronouncing it in conversation by stressing the first syllable (<em>SOO-per-FLOO-us<\/em>) as you normally would when pronouncing the word <em>super<\/em>. Many online dictionaries such as Dictionary.com feature an audio button you can click on to hear the word pronounced correctly. In the case of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/superfluous\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>superfluous<\/em><\/a><em>,<\/em> you can hear it pronounced properly with the stress on per with the other three syllables unstressed <em>(soo-PER-floo-us<\/em>).<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"10133\"><\/a>10.1.3.3: Treat Conversations Like Volley Sports<\/h2>\r\nA conversation isn\u2019t a monologue where you fire words at a wall until you have nothing left to say. It\u2019s more like a game of volleyball, tennis, or ping-pong where possession of the speech right is exchanged back and forth. If it\u2019s a friendly game, the objective is to volley words for as long as it\u2019s fun or productive. This may mean asking a good question, which lobs the speech over the net to your conversation partner. They answer and can either ask you a feedback question in return or you can respond to their answer with a statement. Every time you speak, you must set up your conversation partner to be able to respond with either a statement or question, and expect them to do the same. Conversations would be frustrating if all the other person did was either spike the ball repeatedly to score points against you so that you could never touch it (i.e., delivered a monologue where you couldn\u2019t get a word in edgewise), or just bounced the ball out of bounds every time you volleyed it straight to them\u2014i.e., answered in a way that stalled the conversation, such as with one-word answers to your questions or bizarre statements you don\u2019t know how to respond to. A conversation must be a dynamic process where both sides make a determined, concerted effort to keep it going until the objective has been reached or the clock runs down.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"#menu\">Return to the Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics menu<\/a>\r\n<h1><a id=\"1014\"><\/a>10.1.4: Telephone and Voicemail<\/h1>\r\nThe simplest form of audio-only conversation\u2014i.e., talk stripped of all nonverbals\u2014is a telephone call. A phone call is advantageous whenever you need the live volley of conversation with someone to sort out details in a timely manner, but are too distant from them physically to do it in person. Some make the mistake of choosing written channels like email or text, drawing out the communication process over hours or days, to discuss matters that would take mere seconds or minutes by phone. As long as you don\u2019t need details permanently recorded in writing, phone is an expedient channel to discuss details for any busy professional.\r\n\r\nThough you\u2019ve probably talked on the phone countless times throughout your life, you may not yet have had the chance to do so professionally where the expectations for competence are much higher than in social or family contexts\u2014so much so that some executives hire professional voice coaches to help them increase their effectiveness in phone communication. The importance of audio communication in business and industry has increased with the availability of conference calls, voice over internet protocol (VoIP), voice-activated electronic menus, and voice-to-text dictation software such as that in the Gboard (Google keyboard) app for smartphones. We\u2019ll examine below how to improve your phone game in an age where many prefer to text rather than call. First, however, let\u2019s review what the telephone and its modern adaptations are all about according to the channel selection guide we saw in <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/2-3-selecting-appropriate-channels#t23\/\">Table 2.3<\/a> above.\r\n<h2><a id=\"t23\"><\/a>Table 2.3 (excerpt): Telephone and Its Adaptations at a Glance<\/h2>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Channel<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Advantages<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Disadvantages<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Expectations<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Appropriate Use<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">Phone, VoIP, voicemail, and conference calls<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Enables audio-only dialogue between speakers anywhere in the world<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Quick back-and-forth saves time compared to written dialogue by email or text<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can send one-way voicemail messages or leave them when the recipient isn\u2019t available<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can be conducted cheaply over the internet (with Voice over Internet Protocol [VoIP]) and easily on smartphones<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Specialized phone equipment and VoIP enable conference calls among multiple users<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Absence of nonverbal visual cues can make dialogue occasionally difficult<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The receiver of a call isn\u2019t always available, so the timing must be right on both ends; if not, availability problems lead to \u201cphone tag\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Time zone differences complicate the timing of long-distance calls<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Possibly expensive for long-distance calls over a public switched telephone network (PSTN) if VoIP isn\u2019t available<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Not always clear how long you have to leave a voicemail message, running the risk of being cut off if your message runs too long<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Recording of conversations is typically unavailable unless you have special equipment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Follow conventions for initiating and ending audio-only conversation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For voicemail, strike a balance between brevity and providing a thorough description of the reason for the call and your contact information<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Record a professional call-back message for voicemail when not available to take a call<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Respond to voicemail as soon as possible since you were called with the hope that you would be available to talk immediately<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Be careful with confidential information over the phone, and don\u2019t discuss confidential information via voicemail<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>For when quick dialogue is necessary between speakers physically distant from one another<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conference call when members of a team can\u2019t be physically present for a meeting<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use VoIP to avoid long-distance charges<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Leave clear voicemail messages when receivers aren\u2019t available<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When a record of the conversation isn\u2019t necessary<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When confidentiality is somewhat important<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><a id=\"10141\"><\/a>10.1.4.1: Your Voice on the Phone<\/h2>\r\nWhen you lack the nonverbal context of your conversation partner being able to see how you say what you say, take pains to ensure that your voice accurately communicates your message. Without nonverbals, your choice of words and how you say them, including spacing or pausing, pace, rhythm, articulation, and pronunciation are more relevant than when you talk in person. Consider these five points:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Speak slowly<\/strong> and <strong>articulate your words clearly<\/strong>. You don\u2019t have to slow down your normal pattern of speech much, but each word needs time and space to be understood or else the listener may hear words running together, losing meaning and creating opportunities for misunderstanding. For instance, numbers such as \u201c18\u201d may sound like \u201c80\u201d and vice versa if you\u2019re speaking too quickly and have an accent, which could lead to disaster if you\u2019re, say, discussing price in a six-figure real estate deal.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use <strong>vivid terms<\/strong> to create interest and communicate descriptions. As we discussed briefly earlier on the topic of using the phone to deliver bad news (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/10-3-job-interviews-and-follow-up-messages#1036\/\">\u00a710.3.6<\/a> above), talking on the phone or producing an audio recording lacks an interpersonal context with the accompanying nonverbal messages. Unless you use vivid language and crisp, clear descriptions, your audience will be left to sort it out for themselves. They may create mental images that don\u2019t reflect your intended meanings and lead to miscommunication.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Be <strong>specific<\/strong>. Don\u2019t assume that they will catch your specific information the first time. <strong>Repeat as necessary<\/strong>, especially addresses and phone numbers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Show consideration for others by keeping your phone conversations<strong> private<\/strong>. Avoid calls in a crowded elevator, for instance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Silence cell phones<\/strong> and other devices when in a meeting or eating with colleagues. Recall Simon Sinek\u2019s explanation for why this is important <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=720s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Crossman, 2016, 12:00 \u2013 13:05)<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nAs the response from the receiver to the sender, feedback is also an essential element of phone conversations. Taking turns in the conversation can sometimes be awkward when you can\u2019t see when your conversation partner is about to speak. With time and practice, each \u201cspeaker\u2019s own natural, comfortable, expressive repertoire will surface\u201d\r\n(Mayer, 1980, p. 21).<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"10142\"><\/a>10.1.4.2: Telephone Conversation Organization<\/h2>\r\nRecall from <a href=\"#1012\">\u00a710.1.2<\/a> above that conversations follow a predictable five-part pattern:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Opening<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Preview<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Business (a.k.a. talking points)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Feedback<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Closing<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nTable 10.1.4.2 below illustrates what this would sound like in a phone conversation.<b><\/b>\r\n<h2><a id=\"t10142\"><\/a>Table 10.1.4.2: Five-stage Telephone Conversation<\/h2>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 33.33%\">Stage<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 33.33%\">Subevents<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 33.33%\">Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">1. Opening<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Both parties identify themselves<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They exchange greetings<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>[the phone rings]<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Hello, Ken Reilly speaking.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Hi, Ken. This is Val Martin from [company or department]. How are you?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Fine, and you?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Fine, I\u2019m doing great.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">2. Preview<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Substance of conversation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Parties exchange roles<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Here\u2019s the situation. [explains] I know you\u2019re good at resolving these kinds of issues, so I was wondering what you think I should do.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Wow, I can understand how this has you concerned. Considering what you\u2019ve told me, here\u2019s what I think I would do in your situation. [explains]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">3. Business<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Substance of conversation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Parties exchange roles<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Here\u2019s the situation. [explains] I know you\u2019re good at resolving these kinds of issues, so I was wondering what you think I should do.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Wow, I can understand how this has you concerned. Considering what you\u2019ve told me, here\u2019s what I think I would do in your situation. [explains]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">4. Feedback<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Signal that business is concluded<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Ah, that makes sense. I\u2019ll certainly keep your ideas in mind. Thank you so much, Ken!<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Hey, you\u2019re welcome. Let me know how it turns out.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">5. Closing<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Both parties say goodbye<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Yes, I will. Have a good weekend, Ken.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> You too, Val. Bye.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Take care.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[they hang up]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>10.1.4.3: Leaving and Receiving Voicemail<\/h2>\r\nWhen you phone someone but are sent to voicemail because they don\u2019t pick up, switching to monologue mode means that you can only get as far as the preview stage of the conversation structure outlined above. You\u2019d still open by saying hello, your full name, and company. The limit on how much recording time you have (30 seconds? 60?\u2014you may not know) and absence of feedback from the listener, however, means that you can really only say what the call is about in concise, clear terms. A long, rambling voice mail message may be cut off and you may not even know it, as well as increases the possibility for misunderstandings without being present to clarify based on your listener\u2019s responses. Anything that needs discussion must be saved for the actual conversation, especially anything of a sensitive nature. Recording confidential information is potentially dangerous to you and others.\r\n\r\nAdd your contact information, even if you think the person already knows your phone number, and say it twice slowly so that the listener has additional time to get a pen and paper if they\u2019re still looking for them the first time you say it. Imagining you were writing down your phone number as you recite it will help you deliver it at a listener-friendly speed <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/15-2-telephonevoip-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success<\/em>, 2015, 15.2)<\/a>. Precise pronunciation is crucial because \u201c60\u201d and \u201c16\u201d or \u201c90\u201d and \u201c19\u201d may sound the same in a strong accent.\r\n\r\nBe prepared to receive voicemail by recording a professional-sounding call-back message that begins after about 4-5 rings. Top professionals record a new one every morning when they begin work and include the date in it. They can thus state what their availability is throughout the day and assure the listener how quickly to expect a call back. When you receive a voicemail, return the call as soon as possible. The 24-hour rule of email doesn\u2019t apply with voicemail because the person who called you chose this channel deliberately expecting to discuss something with you \u201clive\u201d in a timely manner. With so many channels available (see <a href=\"#t23\">Table 2.3<\/a> above), using the phone implies a sense of urgency.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"#menu\">Return to the Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics menu<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaway<\/h3>\r\nSuccess in the workplace depends on your ability to effectively engage coworkers, clients, managers, and other stakeholders in face-to-face conversation and on the phone.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Reflect on your personal use of technology after reading <a href=\"#1013\">\u00a710.1.3<\/a> and watching the videos linked there. Would you consider your relationship with your smartphone an addiction? Do you feel that it erodes your people skills and ability to engage meaningfully with other people? Write a one-page response and defend your position with evidence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How comfortable are you with speaking on the phone? Are you more likely to text someone than call them, even if calling would be quicker, you\u2019re both available, and there\u2019s no reason why either of you couldn\u2019t just talk? Reflect honestly on why you prefer to text rather than to talk (if that\u2019s the case). Next, exchange phone numbers with a classmate you haven\u2019t previously spoken with and have a conversation on the topic. Follow the advice about conversations given throughout <a href=\"#1012\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a710.1.2<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and <\/span><a href=\"#1013\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a710.1.3<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, and about phone conversations in <\/span><a href=\"#1014\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a710.1.4<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Beebe, S. [Steven]., Beebe, S. [Susan], &amp; Redmond, M. (2002). <em>Interpersonal communication relating to others<\/em> (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn &amp; Bacon.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Bradberry, T. (2016, April 26). 9 signs that you\u2019re an ambivert. <em>Forbes.<\/em> Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/travisbradberry\/2016\/04\/26\/9-signs-that-youre-an-ambivert\/#3fb7b9753145\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/travisbradberry\/2016\/04\/26\/9-signs-that-youre-an-ambivert\/#3fb7b9753145<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Brandon, J. (2018, April 21). Forget cell phone addiction. Here\u2019s what experts are really worried about. <em>Inc<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inc.com\/john-brandon\/forget-smartphone-addiction-heres-what-experts-are-really-worried-about.html\">https:\/\/www.inc.com\/john-brandon\/forget-smartphone-addiction-heres-what-experts-are-really-worried-about.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Chartrand, T. L., &amp; Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 76(6), 893-910. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.fuqua.duke.edu\/~tlc10\/bio\/TLC_articles\/1999\/Chartrand_Bargh_1999.pdf\">https:\/\/faculty.fuqua.duke.edu\/~tlc10\/bio\/TLC_articles\/1999\/Chartrand_Bargh_1999.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Crossman, D. (2016, October 29). Simon Sinek on Millennials in the workplace [Video File]. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=488s\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=488s<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">DeVito, J. (2003). <em>Messages: Building interpersonal skills<\/em>. Boston: Allyn &amp; Bacon.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Ducharme, J. (2018, March 29). \u2018Phubbing\u2019 is hurting your relationships. Here\u2019s what it is. Time. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/5216853\/what-is-phubbing\/\">http:\/\/time.com\/5216853\/what-is-phubbing\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Andrew-Gee, E. (2018, April 10). Your smartphone\ud83d\udcf1is making you\ud83d\udc48 stupid, antisocial \ud83d\ude45 and unhealthy \ud83d\ude37. So why can't you put it\u00a0down\u2754\u2049\ufe0f <em>The Globe and Mail<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/technology\/your-smartphone-is-making-you-stupid\/article37511900\/\">https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/technology\/your-smartphone-is-making-you-stupid\/article37511900\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Gillett, R. (2016, October 14). The 18 best jobs for people who hate people. <em>Business Insider<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/best-jobs-for-antisocial-people-2016-10\">https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/best-jobs-for-antisocial-people-2016-10<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Mayer, K. R. (1980). Developing delivery skills in oral business communications. <em>Business Communication Quarterly<\/em>, 43(3), 21-24. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.856.2828&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\">http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.856.2828&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">McKenna, J. (2017, September 8). Your child may need this skill as much as literacy and numeracy. <em>World Economic Forum<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2017\/09\/oracy-literacy-skill-every-child-needs\/\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2017\/09\/oracy-literacy-skill-every-child-needs\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Mercer, N., Ahmed, A., &amp; Warwick, P. (2014, October 3). Explainer: what is oracy and why should every child be taught it? <em>The Conversation<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-oracy-and-why-should-every-child-be-taught-it-31817\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-oracy-and-why-should-every-child-be-taught-it-31817<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Shellenbarger, S. (2016, September 20). Use mirroring to connect with others. <em>The Wall Street Journal<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/use-mirroring-to-connect-with-others-1474394329\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/use-mirroring-to-connect-with-others-1474394329<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Smith, M., Robinson, L., &amp; Segal, J. (2018, July). Smartphone addiction: Tips for breaking free of compulsive smartphone use. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/articles\/addictions\/smartphone-addiction.htm\">https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/articles\/addictions\/smartphone-addiction.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">TED. (2016, March 8). 10 ways to have a better conversation | Celeste Headlee [Video File]. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R1vskiVDwl4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R1vskiVDwl4<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Turkle, S. (2015). Reclaiming conversation: The power of talk in a digital age. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reclaimingconversationbook.com\/books\/reclaiming-conversation-tr\/reclaiming-conversation-hc\">http:\/\/www.reclaimingconversationbook.com\/books\/reclaiming-conversation-tr\/reclaiming-conversation-hc<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>1. Explain how to use your voice effectively in professional situations.<\/p>\n<p>2. Identify the five stages of a conversation and general strategies for improving conversation skills.<\/p>\n<p>3. Communicate effectively by telephone in a professional manner.<\/p>\n<p>4. Plan and deliver short, organized spoken messages and oral reports tailored to specific audiences and purposes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">i. Use effective and engaging language and non-verbal behaviours.<br \/>\nii. Use verbal and nonverbal techniques to enhance spoken messages.<br \/>\niii. Communicate via voice messaging.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Your professional success depends on having advanced people (a.k.a. \u201csoft\u201d) skills because most jobs require you to talk to people. Key among these is skill in speaking to and conversing with others in person. Retail sales, for instance, requires the ability to listen carefully to what a customer says they want and \u201cread\u201d their nonverbals to determine what exactly to say and how to say it in order to close the deal with a purchase. Aside from a handful of jobs with minimal human interaction <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/best-jobs-for-antisocial-people-2016-10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Gillett, 2016)<\/a>, the vast majority require advanced soft skills to deal effectively with customers or clients, coworkers, managers, and other stakeholders. Though we\u2019re not born with them, everyone has the capacity to learn, develop, practise, and apply verbal and nonverbal skills to benefit those audiences, their company as a whole, and themselves.<\/p>\n<p>You\u2019ve certainly participated in countless conversations throughout your life, and the process of how to conduct a conversation may seem so obvious that it needs no explanation. Still, you can tell that some are better than others at conversation and some argue that technology is preventing many from developing these skills, so it\u2019s worth breaking down how an effective communicator approaches the art of conversation. A skilled professional knows when to speak, when to go silent and listen, as well as when stop speaking before the audience stops listening. Further, understanding conversation provides a solid foundation for this guide\u2019s crucial advice on job interviews (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/10-3-job-interviews-and-follow-up-messages\/\">\u00a710.3<\/a> below), which follow similar ritual patterns and have their own set of expectations. Though these expectations may differ depending on the field, level, knowledge, and experience, they generally follow the five steps of a basic conversation discussed in this section. First, however, it\u2019s worth examining the voice as the pre-eminent communication channel, how to refine our interpersonal skills in the face of the stunting effects of problem technology use, and how to use voice-only technology effectively.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"menu\"><\/a>Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#1011\">10.1.1: Your Voice as Your Most Essential Communication Tool<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#1012\">10.1.2: The Five Stages of a Conversation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#1013\">10.1.3: Improving Your Conversation Skills in the Smartphone Era<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#1014\">10.1.4: Telephone and Voicemail<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Before diving into these topics, however, let\u2019s review what face-to-face meetings are all about according to the <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/2-3-selecting-appropriate-channels#t23\/\">Table 2.3<\/a> channel selection guide above.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2>Table 2.3 (excerpt): In-person Meetings at a Glance<\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Channel<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Advantages<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Disadvantages<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Expectations<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Appropriate Use<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">In-person conversation<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\n<ul>\n<li>The most information-rich channel combining words and nonverbal messages<\/li>\n<li>Dialogue facilitates immediate back-and-forth exchange of ideas<\/li>\n<li>Maintains the human element lacking in most other channels<\/li>\n<li>Additional participants can join for group discussion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Requires that speakers travel to be physically in the same space together<\/li>\n<li>Some people are poor listeners and some are poor speakers<\/li>\n<li>Impermanent unless recording equipment is used<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Audience must be present and attentive rather than distracted by their mobile technology or multitasking<\/li>\n<li>Use for genuine dialogue rather than monologue or shallow, superficial exchanges<\/li>\n<li>A dynamic speaking ability is required to engage audiences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Quickly exchange ideas with people close by<\/li>\n<li>Visually communicate to complement your words<\/li>\n<li>Add the human element in discussing sensitive or confidential topics that need to be worked out through dialogue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h1><a id=\"1011\"><\/a>10.1.1: Your Voice as Your Most Essential Communication Tool<\/h1>\n<p>We had hundreds of thousands of years to develop our voice as a communication tool until we added writing to the channel mix relatively recently about 5,000 years ago. Your voice continues to enjoy a privileged place in your communication toolbox, being the first one you use in your infancy when you cry for food and attention the moment you\u2019re born. Since then, you\u2019ve developed richly expressive verbal skills that make your voice your most essential communication tool.<\/p>\n<p>Your voice has qualities that cannot be communicated in written form, and you use these to your advantage when interacting with colleagues. If you\u2019re sending a general informative message to all employees, an email may serve you well, but if you\u2019re honouring an employee for receiving an industry award, your voice conveys your heartfelt congratulations much better than the written word <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/16-5-rituals-of-conversation-and-interviews\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success<\/em>, 2015, 16.5)<\/a>. When trying to make a point very clearly and emphatically, slowing down your pace so that the listener focuses on each word, raising your volume to jolt the listener into paying closer attention, and dropping your pitch to sound more authoritative all have advantages over using all-caps, bold, italics, and\/or underlining in an email, which altogether can look angry rather than emphatic. For sheer expressiveness and precision in communicating meaning, your voice is your go-to communication tool.<\/p>\n<p>How your voice quality, volume, and pitch affect your listener\u2019s understanding of the message\u2019s the content is instrumental especially for persuasive messages. Delivering a message with a happy and enthusiastic tone will have a much different impact than serious or sad tones. In most business situations, it is appropriate to speak with some level of formality, yet avoid sounding stilted or arrogant. Your voice volume should be normal but ensure your listeners can hear you. If your audience includes English learners, speaking louder and shouting don\u2019t help them understand you any better compared with accessible word choices delivered in a normal tone (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/4-5-standard-business-style#4512\/\">\u00a74.5.1.2<\/a> above). Use simple words and short, active-voice sentences of 10-to-20 words, as well as avoid idioms (figures of speech) that don\u2019t translate literally (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/2-2-analyzing-your-audience-2#221\/\">\u00a72.2.1<\/a>). Pitch refers to the frequency of your voice, which you can raise or lower for effect. A pleasant, natural voice will have some variation in pitch\u2014raised for lighthearted quips and lower for serious statements\u2014to communicate nuances of meaning and keep the listener engaged. A speaker with the flat pitch of a robotic-sounding monotone voice tends to bore their listeners because they sound bored themselves <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/15-2-telephonevoip-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success, 2015<\/em>, 15.2)<\/a>. Modulating your volume and pitch helps communicate the emotional spin of your messages, making the spoken communication channel an incredibly rich one.<\/p>\n<p>Why, then, is the voice falling into disuse? Why are so many people afraid of using their voice for public speaking and even shy away from one-on-one interaction? Though you probably recognize the importance of literacy and numeracy to your academic and professional success, your schooling probably hasn\u2019t impressed upon you the importance of oracy, and your reliance on writing technology such as texting on your smartphone hasn\u2019t helped either. If you\u2019re encountering this word for the first time, <strong>oracy<\/strong> is skill in speaking and reasoning aloud, such as using evidence to make a persuasive argument, as well as collaborative teamwork through conversation. This is what employers expect employees to do, but there\u2019s little direct focus on it in school curriculum, and hence some anxiety around group speaking into the high-school and college years (<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-oracy-and-why-should-every-child-be-taught-it-31817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercer, Ahmed, &amp; Warwick, 2014<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2017\/09\/oracy-literacy-skill-every-child-needs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McKenna, 2017<\/a>). For the sake of your future employability, then, let\u2019s focus on Conversation 101 by breaking down how we achieve goals through dialogue.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#menu\">Return to the Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics menu<\/a><\/p>\n<h1><a id=\"1012\"><\/a>10.1.2: The Five Parts of Conversations<\/h1>\n<p>Conversation is one of the main ways we interact in the business environment and yet it\u2019s highly susceptible to miscommunication and misunderstandings. Our everyday familiarity with conversations often makes us blind to the subtle changes that take place during the course of a conversation. Examining it will help you to consider its components, predict the next turn, anticipate an opening or closing, and make you a better conversationalist. Steven Beebe, Susan Beebe, and Mark Redmond (2002) break conversation down into five stages that we will adapt here for our discussion.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"10121\"><\/a>10.1.2.1: Initiation<\/h2>\n<p>As the first stage of conversation, initiation requires you to be open to interact and perhaps use small talk to prime yourselves for the intended topic. You may communicate openness with nonverbal signals such as approaching someone, stopping four feet away, facing them, making eye contact, and smiling. When a degree of unfamiliarity comes between the two speakers, small talk helps \u201cbreak the ice\u201d to clear a path toward the topic at hand. Asking how they\u2019re doing, a casual reference to the weather (\u201cNice day, eh?\u201d) or a brief back-and-forth about the weekend requires someone to begin the exchange. For the very shy, this may trigger some anxiety whereas extraverts delight in this stage, and \u201cambiverts\u201d (e.g., natural introverts who have learned to play the extravert game) do it in recognition of its necessity <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/travisbradberry\/2016\/04\/26\/9-signs-that-youre-an-ambivert\/#3fb7b9753145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Bradberry, 2016)<\/a>. If status and hierarchical relationships are a factor, cultural norms may determine who speaks when. Usually, however, initiation just requires a willingness to engage in conversation and a purpose\u2014something to talk about after clearing the small-talk hurdle.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"10122\"><\/a>10.1.2.2: Preview<\/h2>\n<p>The preview (a.k.a. \u201cfeedforward\u201d) verbally or nonverbally indicates the conversation topic. A word or two in the subject line of an email performs the same job, but in conversation this can be done as easily as just summarizing the topic in a few words (e.g., <em>Can I ask you about how I can minimize my tax liability?<\/em> or <em>Let\u2019s talk about some basic heavy-equipment safety guidelines before we get started<\/em>). People are naturally curious and also seek certainty, so a preview conveniently reduces uncertainty by taking a direct approach (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/4-1-choosing-an-organizational-pattern#411\/\">\u00a74.1.1<\/a> on the direct approach in writing) to signal the speaker\u2019s intent.<\/p>\n<p>A general reference to a topic may also approach a topic indirectly, allowing the recipient to either pick up on the topic and to engage in the discussion or to redirect the conversation away from a topic they aren\u2019t ready to talk about. For instance, a manager needing to talk to an employee about being late for work too often might start off by saying, \u201cThat was some nightmare traffic on the highway this morning, eh?\u201d Depending on the employee\u2019s response, the manager could then say what they do to get to work on time, suggesting that the employee should do the same. To reinforce the point, the manager could finally explain that continuing to arrive late will affect the employee\u2019s job security. The savvy communicator would be able to infer from the initial question about traffic where the manager\u2019s going with this line of questioning and may even begin to offer up a convincing excuse for why they\u2019re late and suggest a compromise such as a plan to stay later or make up the lost hours by working from home on the weekend.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"10123\"><\/a>10.1.2.3: Business<\/h2>\n<p>You get down to business when you reinforce the goal orientation of the conversation. In workplace communication, we often have a specific goal or series of points to address, but we can\u2019t lose sight of the relationship messages within the discussion of content. You may signal to your conversation partner that you have three points you need to cover, much like outlining an agenda at a meeting. This may sound formal at first, but in listening to casual conversations, you\u2019ll often find a natural but unacknowledged list of subtopics leading to a central point where the conversational partners arrive. By clearly articulating the main points, however, you outline the conversation\u2019s parameters to keep it efficiently on track rather than prone to digress from the main point.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"10124\"><\/a>10.1.2.4: Feedback<\/h2>\n<p>Similar to the preview stage, this feedback allows speakers to clarify, restate, or discuss the talking points to arrive at mutual understanding. In some cultures the points and their feedback may recycle several times, which may sound repetitious in the West where speakers typically prefer to get to the point and move quickly to the conclusion once they\u2019ve achieved understanding. If so, then a simple \u201cAre we good?\u201d might be all that\u2019s necessary at the feedback stage. Communication across cultures, on the other hand, may require additional cycles of statement and restatement to ensure understanding, as well as reinforcement of the speakers\u2019 relationship. Time may be money in some cultures, but spending time is a sign of respect in cultures with rigid social hierarchies (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/10-4-intercultural-communication\/\">\u00a710.4<\/a> below for more in intercultural communication). The feedback stage offers an opportunity to make sure the information exchange was successful the first time. Failure to attend to this stage can lead to the need for additional interactions, reducing efficiency over time.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"10125\"><\/a>10.1.2.5: Closing<\/h2>\n<p>Accepting feedback on both sides of the conversation often signals the transition to the conversation\u2019s conclusion. Closings mirror the initiation stage in that they can be signalled verbally (e.g., \u201cOkay, thanks! Bye\u201d) or nonverbally, such as stepping back and turning your feet and body in the direction of where you\u2019re about to go next in preparation to disengage while still facing and speaking with the other.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes a speaker introduces new information in the conclusion, which can start the process all over again. If words like \u201cin conclusion\u201d or \u201cokay, one last thing\u201d are used, a set of expectations is now at play and the listener expects a conclusion in the very near future. If the speaker continues to recycle at this point, the listener\u2019s patience will be stretched and frustration sets in. They will have mentally shifted to the next order of business, so this transition must be negotiated successfully to maintain good relations between speakers. Mentioning a time, date, or place for future communication clearly signals that the conversation, although currently concluded, will continue later. \u201cI\u2019m just heading to a meeting right now but I\u2019ll catch you back on the fifth floor tomorrow afternoon, K?\u201d for instance, allows you to respectfully disengage <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/16-5-rituals-of-conversation-and-interviews\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success<\/em>, 2015, 16.5)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#menu\">Return to the Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics menu<\/a><\/p>\n<h1><a id=\"1013\"><\/a>10.1.3: Improving Your Conversation Skills in the Smartphone Era<\/h1>\n<p>If you prefer to text rather than talk to people most of the time because that\u2019s how you\u2019ve (and everyone else has) been doing it throughout high school and even in college, you\u2019ll probably find yourself at a disadvantage when entering the workforce. The reason is twofold: (1) When you enter the working world, you join several generations of adults who grew up without smartphones and therefore tend to prefer talking over texting because it\u2019s a tried, tested, and true way to efficiently communicate understanding. Managers, coworkers, customers, and other stakeholders come with high expectations for the quality of conversational skill in the people they interact with, and have little patience for those who are years behind where they should be in basic oracy (see <a href=\"#1011\">\u00a710.1.1<\/a> for more on oracy). (2) You could be addicted to technology, which negatively affects your ability to interact with people in person according to a growing body of research (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/technology\/your-smartphone-is-making-you-stupid\/article37511900\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew-Gee, 2018<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/articles\/addictions\/smartphone-addiction.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smith, Robinson, &amp; Segal, 2018<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inc.com\/john-brandon\/forget-smartphone-addiction-heres-what-experts-are-really-worried-about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandon, 2018<\/a>). Why talk to people when sending a text is just so easy and comfortable?<\/p>\n<p>In her book <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.reclaimingconversationbook.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age<\/a><\/em> (2015), psychologist Sherry Turkle draws on clinical research to show how profoundly dissatisfied with ourselves and each other technology has made us. Smartphones and social media apps promise to connect us more but effectively isolate us. After a decade of smartphone use, teenagers whose 10-hour-per-day addiction to screens, preference for texting over talking, and habit of filling every idle moment with media consumption arrive at college with under-developed skills in conversation, empathy, patience, and self-reflection. When teens use technology to shield themselves from the countless awkward, embarrassing, and regrettable in-person interactions that, by a slow learning process, lead eventually to social competence and confidence, they enter the workforce in a state of arrested development. \u201cAdulting\u201d becomes a terrifying prospect compared with the protective comfort zone of the screen. Turkle\u2019s guide offers an antidote to the socially stunting effects of technology.<\/p>\n<p>Motivational speaker Simon Sinek presents similar advice to Millennials while sympathizing with them for the \u201cbad hand\u201d they were dealt by a \u201cfailed parenting strategy\u201d that raised unrealistic expectations of fulfillment in a whole generation. He similarly points the blame at mobile devices for the short-term dopamine-hit micro-reward feedback-loop pleasures they offer at the expense of the long-term development of soft skills. The enchantment of social media is that it offers users an easy out from the difficult learning experiences that develop the social coping mechanisms helping them through the trials of adolescence. The devices hook you with instant gratification: \u201cEverything you want you can have instantaneously,\u201d he says,<\/p>\n<p>except job satisfaction and strength of relationships. There ain\u2019t no app for that. They are slow, meandering, uncomfortable, messy processes. . . . What this young generation needs to learn is patience\u2014that some things that really matter like love or job fulfillment, joy, love of life, self-confidence, a skill set\u2014all of these things take time. . . . The overall journey is arduous and long and difficult. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=488s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(8:08 &#8211; 9:25)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Simon Sinek on Millennials in the Workplace\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hER0Qp6QJNU?start=488&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Sinek advocates for better leadership in business and industry to teach Millennials the social skills they were robbed of by constant access to addictive technology.<\/p>\n<p>One practical solution Sinek offers is banning cell phones in meeting rooms to remove the temptation of using them rather than conversing with colleagues. He argues that relationships and trust are built especially through small talk about work and life before and after meetings. Additionally, innovation happens in idle moments when you notice opportunities in the world\u2014opportunities you\u2019re blind to when your attention is absorbed by a little screen. \u201cWe have to create mechanisms where we allow for those little innocuous interactions to happen\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=720s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(12:00 \u2013 13:05)<\/a>. Rather than a quick fix, steady consistency in developing social skills is necessary to bring Millennials up to speed in oracy.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Simon Sinek on Millennials in the Workplace\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hER0Qp6QJNU?start=720&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>If anything in the above paragraphs sounds true to life, the onus rests largely on you to improve your conversation skills with all the advice that is available (ironically) on the very devices in question. For instance, we can draw on a very accessible TEDtalk by Celeste Headlee, a talk-radio host and author of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.harpercollins.com\/9780062669001\/we-need-to-talk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">We Need to Talk: How to Have Conversations That Matter<\/a> (2017). We\u2019ll adapt her well-viewed speech <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R1vskiVDwl4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 Ways to Have a Better Conversation<\/a> (2016) for our own purposes below and build on them with a few points of our own.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"Celeste Headlee: 10 ways to have a better conversation | TED\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/R1vskiVDwl4?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Be Present<\/strong>: Devote your undivided attention to the person you\u2019re speaking with and don\u2019t multitask. You won\u2019t have to pretend to pay attention by nodding and making eye contact if you\u2019re doing that anyway by actually paying attention. The worst offenders are those to whip out their phone and engage with it rather than the people around them, called \u201cphubbing\u201d (for \u201cphone snubbing\u201d) <a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/5216853\/what-is-phubbing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Ducharme, 2018)<\/a>. Though you may feel that you can get away with phubbing in your college classes by discreetly hiding your cell phone under your desk, your instructor knows exactly what you\u2019re doing when all your attention is on your lap. The rudeness of it will likely get you slightly blacklisted\u2014or fully blacklisted if you do it too much.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Be prepared to learn<\/strong>: A conversation is a dialogue, not a monologue where you simply unload your opinion on someone and receive nothing in return except for the satisfaction of dominating them with it. In certain situations, such as a TEDtalk itself, you give up your right to speak because of the faith that you\u2019ll learn much more by listening to a wise speaker who needs time to get their points across.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ask open-ended questions<\/strong>: The more vague your questions are (starting with the 5 Ws + H), the more freedom you give your conversation partner to answer on their own terms, whereas very specific questions limit the possible answers. If you ask \u201cHow did that make you feel?\u201d for instance, you\u2019ll get a more expressive answer than if you limited your speaker to a yes or no answer with a question like \u201cDid that make you happy?\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>Go with the flow<\/strong>: Respond to your conversation partner\u2019s main points rather than with some digressive story you were reminded of by one of their minor points. When you respond in that way, it reveals that you haven\u2019t been listening past the part that inspired the barely relevant thing you feel contributes to the conversation, though it really doesn\u2019t move the conversation along so much as derail it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Admit to not knowing<\/strong>: Make your confession of ignorance an opportunity to learn rather than claim to know something you don\u2019t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Honour the uniqueness of their experience<\/strong>: When the speaker relates something that happened to them, resist the urge to make it about you by equating their experience with yours. If they\u2019re talking about grieving a death in the family, for instance, don\u2019t dishonour that information share by responding with how you felt when your dog died. It\u2019s not the same.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cut yourself off before repeating yourself<\/strong>: If you have only one point to make, \u201chit it and quit it\u201d rather than spin your wheels saying the same thing over and over, even if you change the words.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stay out of the weeds<\/strong>: Rather than struggle to offer up all the details (the names, places, dates, etc.) and digress on minutiae, focus on your main points.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Listen<\/strong>: A conversation is a dialogue, not a monologue, and therefore requires that you actively pay attention to what the speaker says in order to understand it rather than to merely reply to it (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/1-5-listening-effectively\/\">\u00a71.5<\/a> above for more on active listening).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Be brief<\/strong>: People are busy and have things to do, so if your conversation detains them for longer than they have time for, you will stretch their patience. As Headlee says, \u201cA good conversation is like a miniskirt: short enough to retain interest, but long enough to cover the subject.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Headlee concludes that these tips are all variations on being interested in what people have to teach you <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R1vskiVDwl4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(TED, 2016)<\/a>. If you add the following to Headlee\u2019s advice, you stand a good chance of improving your conversation skills.<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"10131\"><\/a>10.1.3.1: Mirror the Speaker<\/h2>\n<p>You may have occasionally caught yourself automatically imitating your conversation partner\u2019s posture, facial expression, and manner of speaking. When they look relaxed or lean in, talk slow because they\u2019re calm or talk fast because they\u2019re in a rush, or widen their eyes with excitement, you follow suit in every case. Coined the \u201cchameleon effect\u201d by psychologists, mirroring is unconscious physical behaviour motivated by our desire to fit in so our conversation partner identifies with and likes us <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.fuqua.duke.edu\/~tlc10\/bio\/TLC_articles\/1999\/Chartrand_Bargh_1999.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Chartrand &amp; Bargh, 1999)<\/a>. It supports the clich\u00e9 that imitation is the highest form of flattery, and happens not only for romantic partners but also for good friends and even workplace colleagues.<\/p>\n<p>Though it happens unconsciously, mirroring deliberately has been found to be especially effective as a sales technique and in job interviews, though only if the person being imitated doesn\u2019t notice the imitator doing it. If you can be subtle and natural about it, intentional mirroring forces you to read your conversation partner\u2019s verbal and nonverbal messages closely. Done effectively, mirroring benefits both speakers by building the trust and rapport necessary to collaborate effectively or close a deal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/use-mirroring-to-connect-with-others-1474394329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Shellenbarger, 2016)<\/a>.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"10132\"><\/a>10.1.3.2: Correctly Pronounce Words and Names<\/h2>\n<p>Though it\u2019s difficult for learners of English to get the hang of it, take care to carefully pronounce your words. State them the way native English speaker tend to speak them, especially those whose job is to speak, such as radio hosts and actors. An excellent strategy is to watch movies with subtitles to associate the written words with those heard, and then to imitate the pronunciation. When you get more familiar with the language, you can move up to listening to the radio, such as the CBC, and continue to work on the accent at a normal conversational pace without subtitles.<\/p>\n<p>Even native English speakers should be careful with pronunciation, especially with words they rarely hear, if ever. Mispronunciation can negatively impact your reputation or perceived credibility. Instead of using complicated words that may trip you up, choose a simple phrase if you can, or learn to pronounce the word correctly before using it in a formal interactive setting <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/19-4-business-and-professional-meetings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success<\/em>, 2015, 19.4)<\/a>. If you think you\u2019ll stumble over a word like archipelago, for instance, just use a synonymous phrase such as <em>island chain<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The importance of pronunciation is nowhere more important than with people\u2019s names. Some take offense to their name being mispronounced, and especially with their name being confused with a different but similar name. If someone\u2019s name looks unpronounceable on paper, simply asking them how they prefer their name to be pronounced is better than confidently mispronouncing it.<\/p>\n<p>Be careful also with where stresses go when pronouncing words. Every word with more than one syllable has stressed and unstressed syllables. We pronounce the word <em>syllable<\/em>, for instance, by stressing the first syllable (<em>SIH<\/em>)\u2014i.e., raising our volume slightly and spending a little longer enunciating it compared with the two following unstressed syllables (<em>lah-bul<\/em>), which we enunciate quicker and quieter. Stressing the middle syllable (<em>sih-LAH-bul<\/em>) would sound strange.<\/p>\n<p>Be especially careful pronouncing words you\u2019ve only seen in writing. If you\u2019ve only ever read the fancy word <em>superfluous<\/em>, for instance, but never heard anyone say it aloud, you\u2019d sound slightly silly pronouncing it in conversation by stressing the first syllable (<em>SOO-per-FLOO-us<\/em>) as you normally would when pronouncing the word <em>super<\/em>. Many online dictionaries such as Dictionary.com feature an audio button you can click on to hear the word pronounced correctly. In the case of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/superfluous\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>superfluous<\/em><\/a><em>,<\/em> you can hear it pronounced properly with the stress on per with the other three syllables unstressed <em>(soo-PER-floo-us<\/em>).<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"10133\"><\/a>10.1.3.3: Treat Conversations Like Volley Sports<\/h2>\n<p>A conversation isn\u2019t a monologue where you fire words at a wall until you have nothing left to say. It\u2019s more like a game of volleyball, tennis, or ping-pong where possession of the speech right is exchanged back and forth. If it\u2019s a friendly game, the objective is to volley words for as long as it\u2019s fun or productive. This may mean asking a good question, which lobs the speech over the net to your conversation partner. They answer and can either ask you a feedback question in return or you can respond to their answer with a statement. Every time you speak, you must set up your conversation partner to be able to respond with either a statement or question, and expect them to do the same. Conversations would be frustrating if all the other person did was either spike the ball repeatedly to score points against you so that you could never touch it (i.e., delivered a monologue where you couldn\u2019t get a word in edgewise), or just bounced the ball out of bounds every time you volleyed it straight to them\u2014i.e., answered in a way that stalled the conversation, such as with one-word answers to your questions or bizarre statements you don\u2019t know how to respond to. A conversation must be a dynamic process where both sides make a determined, concerted effort to keep it going until the objective has been reached or the clock runs down.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#menu\">Return to the Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics menu<\/a><\/p>\n<h1><a id=\"1014\"><\/a>10.1.4: Telephone and Voicemail<\/h1>\n<p>The simplest form of audio-only conversation\u2014i.e., talk stripped of all nonverbals\u2014is a telephone call. A phone call is advantageous whenever you need the live volley of conversation with someone to sort out details in a timely manner, but are too distant from them physically to do it in person. Some make the mistake of choosing written channels like email or text, drawing out the communication process over hours or days, to discuss matters that would take mere seconds or minutes by phone. As long as you don\u2019t need details permanently recorded in writing, phone is an expedient channel to discuss details for any busy professional.<\/p>\n<p>Though you\u2019ve probably talked on the phone countless times throughout your life, you may not yet have had the chance to do so professionally where the expectations for competence are much higher than in social or family contexts\u2014so much so that some executives hire professional voice coaches to help them increase their effectiveness in phone communication. The importance of audio communication in business and industry has increased with the availability of conference calls, voice over internet protocol (VoIP), voice-activated electronic menus, and voice-to-text dictation software such as that in the Gboard (Google keyboard) app for smartphones. We\u2019ll examine below how to improve your phone game in an age where many prefer to text rather than call. First, however, let\u2019s review what the telephone and its modern adaptations are all about according to the channel selection guide we saw in <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/2-3-selecting-appropriate-channels#t23\/\">Table 2.3<\/a> above.<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"t23\"><\/a>Table 2.3 (excerpt): Telephone and Its Adaptations at a Glance<\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Channel<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Advantages<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Disadvantages<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Expectations<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%\">Appropriate Use<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">Phone, VoIP, voicemail, and conference calls<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enables audio-only dialogue between speakers anywhere in the world<\/li>\n<li>Quick back-and-forth saves time compared to written dialogue by email or text<\/li>\n<li>Can send one-way voicemail messages or leave them when the recipient isn\u2019t available<\/li>\n<li>Can be conducted cheaply over the internet (with Voice over Internet Protocol [VoIP]) and easily on smartphones<\/li>\n<li>Specialized phone equipment and VoIP enable conference calls among multiple users<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Absence of nonverbal visual cues can make dialogue occasionally difficult<\/li>\n<li>The receiver of a call isn\u2019t always available, so the timing must be right on both ends; if not, availability problems lead to \u201cphone tag\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Time zone differences complicate the timing of long-distance calls<\/li>\n<li>Possibly expensive for long-distance calls over a public switched telephone network (PSTN) if VoIP isn\u2019t available<\/li>\n<li>Not always clear how long you have to leave a voicemail message, running the risk of being cut off if your message runs too long<\/li>\n<li>Recording of conversations is typically unavailable unless you have special equipment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Follow conventions for initiating and ending audio-only conversation<\/li>\n<li>For voicemail, strike a balance between brevity and providing a thorough description of the reason for the call and your contact information<\/li>\n<li>Record a professional call-back message for voicemail when not available to take a call<\/li>\n<li>Respond to voicemail as soon as possible since you were called with the hope that you would be available to talk immediately<\/li>\n<li>Be careful with confidential information over the phone, and don\u2019t discuss confidential information via voicemail<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%\">\n<ul>\n<li>For when quick dialogue is necessary between speakers physically distant from one another<\/li>\n<li>Conference call when members of a team can\u2019t be physically present for a meeting<\/li>\n<li>Use VoIP to avoid long-distance charges<\/li>\n<li>Leave clear voicemail messages when receivers aren\u2019t available<\/li>\n<li>When a record of the conversation isn\u2019t necessary<\/li>\n<li>When confidentiality is somewhat important<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><a id=\"10141\"><\/a>10.1.4.1: Your Voice on the Phone<\/h2>\n<p>When you lack the nonverbal context of your conversation partner being able to see how you say what you say, take pains to ensure that your voice accurately communicates your message. Without nonverbals, your choice of words and how you say them, including spacing or pausing, pace, rhythm, articulation, and pronunciation are more relevant than when you talk in person. Consider these five points:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Speak slowly<\/strong> and <strong>articulate your words clearly<\/strong>. You don\u2019t have to slow down your normal pattern of speech much, but each word needs time and space to be understood or else the listener may hear words running together, losing meaning and creating opportunities for misunderstanding. For instance, numbers such as \u201c18\u201d may sound like \u201c80\u201d and vice versa if you\u2019re speaking too quickly and have an accent, which could lead to disaster if you\u2019re, say, discussing price in a six-figure real estate deal.<\/li>\n<li>Use <strong>vivid terms<\/strong> to create interest and communicate descriptions. As we discussed briefly earlier on the topic of using the phone to deliver bad news (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/chapter\/10-3-job-interviews-and-follow-up-messages#1036\/\">\u00a710.3.6<\/a> above), talking on the phone or producing an audio recording lacks an interpersonal context with the accompanying nonverbal messages. Unless you use vivid language and crisp, clear descriptions, your audience will be left to sort it out for themselves. They may create mental images that don\u2019t reflect your intended meanings and lead to miscommunication.<\/li>\n<li>Be <strong>specific<\/strong>. Don\u2019t assume that they will catch your specific information the first time. <strong>Repeat as necessary<\/strong>, especially addresses and phone numbers.<\/li>\n<li>Show consideration for others by keeping your phone conversations<strong> private<\/strong>. Avoid calls in a crowded elevator, for instance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Silence cell phones<\/strong> and other devices when in a meeting or eating with colleagues. Recall Simon Sinek\u2019s explanation for why this is important <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=720s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Crossman, 2016, 12:00 \u2013 13:05)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>As the response from the receiver to the sender, feedback is also an essential element of phone conversations. Taking turns in the conversation can sometimes be awkward when you can\u2019t see when your conversation partner is about to speak. With time and practice, each \u201cspeaker\u2019s own natural, comfortable, expressive repertoire will surface\u201d<br \/>\n(Mayer, 1980, p. 21).<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"10142\"><\/a>10.1.4.2: Telephone Conversation Organization<\/h2>\n<p>Recall from <a href=\"#1012\">\u00a710.1.2<\/a> above that conversations follow a predictable five-part pattern:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Opening<\/li>\n<li>Preview<\/li>\n<li>Business (a.k.a. talking points)<\/li>\n<li>Feedback<\/li>\n<li>Closing<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Table 10.1.4.2 below illustrates what this would sound like in a phone conversation.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"t10142\"><\/a>Table 10.1.4.2: Five-stage Telephone Conversation<\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 33.33%\">Stage<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 33.33%\">Subevents<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 33.33%\">Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">1. Opening<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Both parties identify themselves<\/li>\n<li>They exchange greetings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li>[the phone rings]<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Hello, Ken Reilly speaking.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Hi, Ken. This is Val Martin from [company or department]. How are you?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Fine, and you?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Fine, I\u2019m doing great.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">2. Preview<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Substance of conversation<\/li>\n<li>Parties exchange roles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Here\u2019s the situation. [explains] I know you\u2019re good at resolving these kinds of issues, so I was wondering what you think I should do.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Wow, I can understand how this has you concerned. Considering what you\u2019ve told me, here\u2019s what I think I would do in your situation. [explains]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">3. Business<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Substance of conversation<\/li>\n<li>Parties exchange roles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Here\u2019s the situation. [explains] I know you\u2019re good at resolving these kinds of issues, so I was wondering what you think I should do.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Wow, I can understand how this has you concerned. Considering what you\u2019ve told me, here\u2019s what I think I would do in your situation. [explains]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">4. Feedback<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Signal that business is concluded<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Ah, that makes sense. I\u2019ll certainly keep your ideas in mind. Thank you so much, Ken!<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> Hey, you\u2019re welcome. Let me know how it turns out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">5. Closing<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Both parties say goodbye<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.33%\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Yes, I will. Have a good weekend, Ken.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ken:<\/strong> You too, Val. Bye.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Val:<\/strong> Take care.<\/li>\n<li>[they hang up]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>10.1.4.3: Leaving and Receiving Voicemail<\/h2>\n<p>When you phone someone but are sent to voicemail because they don\u2019t pick up, switching to monologue mode means that you can only get as far as the preview stage of the conversation structure outlined above. You\u2019d still open by saying hello, your full name, and company. The limit on how much recording time you have (30 seconds? 60?\u2014you may not know) and absence of feedback from the listener, however, means that you can really only say what the call is about in concise, clear terms. A long, rambling voice mail message may be cut off and you may not even know it, as well as increases the possibility for misunderstandings without being present to clarify based on your listener\u2019s responses. Anything that needs discussion must be saved for the actual conversation, especially anything of a sensitive nature. Recording confidential information is potentially dangerous to you and others.<\/p>\n<p>Add your contact information, even if you think the person already knows your phone number, and say it twice slowly so that the listener has additional time to get a pen and paper if they\u2019re still looking for them the first time you say it. Imagining you were writing down your phone number as you recite it will help you deliver it at a listener-friendly speed <a href=\"http:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/businesscommunication\/chapter\/15-2-telephonevoip-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(<em>Business Communication for Success<\/em>, 2015, 15.2)<\/a>. Precise pronunciation is crucial because \u201c60\u201d and \u201c16\u201d or \u201c90\u201d and \u201c19\u201d may sound the same in a strong accent.<\/p>\n<p>Be prepared to receive voicemail by recording a professional-sounding call-back message that begins after about 4-5 rings. Top professionals record a new one every morning when they begin work and include the date in it. They can thus state what their availability is throughout the day and assure the listener how quickly to expect a call back. When you receive a voicemail, return the call as soon as possible. The 24-hour rule of email doesn\u2019t apply with voicemail because the person who called you chose this channel deliberately expecting to discuss something with you \u201clive\u201d in a timely manner. With so many channels available (see <a href=\"#t23\">Table 2.3<\/a> above), using the phone implies a sense of urgency.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#menu\">Return to the Verbal Communication and Conversation Topics menu<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaway<\/h3>\n<p>Success in the workplace depends on your ability to effectively engage coworkers, clients, managers, and other stakeholders in face-to-face conversation and on the phone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Reflect on your personal use of technology after reading <a href=\"#1013\">\u00a710.1.3<\/a> and watching the videos linked there. Would you consider your relationship with your smartphone an addiction? Do you feel that it erodes your people skills and ability to engage meaningfully with other people? Write a one-page response and defend your position with evidence.<\/li>\n<li>How comfortable are you with speaking on the phone? Are you more likely to text someone than call them, even if calling would be quicker, you\u2019re both available, and there\u2019s no reason why either of you couldn\u2019t just talk? Reflect honestly on why you prefer to text rather than to talk (if that\u2019s the case). Next, exchange phone numbers with a classmate you haven\u2019t previously spoken with and have a conversation on the topic. Follow the advice about conversations given throughout <a href=\"#1012\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a710.1.2<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> and <\/span><a href=\"#1013\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a710.1.3<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, and about phone conversations in <\/span><a href=\"#1014\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a710.1.4<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Beebe, S. [Steven]., Beebe, S. [Susan], &amp; Redmond, M. (2002). <em>Interpersonal communication relating to others<\/em> (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn &amp; Bacon.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Bradberry, T. (2016, April 26). 9 signs that you\u2019re an ambivert. <em>Forbes.<\/em> Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/travisbradberry\/2016\/04\/26\/9-signs-that-youre-an-ambivert\/#3fb7b9753145\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/travisbradberry\/2016\/04\/26\/9-signs-that-youre-an-ambivert\/#3fb7b9753145<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Brandon, J. (2018, April 21). Forget cell phone addiction. Here\u2019s what experts are really worried about. <em>Inc<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inc.com\/john-brandon\/forget-smartphone-addiction-heres-what-experts-are-really-worried-about.html\">https:\/\/www.inc.com\/john-brandon\/forget-smartphone-addiction-heres-what-experts-are-really-worried-about.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Chartrand, T. L., &amp; Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 76(6), 893-910. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.fuqua.duke.edu\/~tlc10\/bio\/TLC_articles\/1999\/Chartrand_Bargh_1999.pdf\">https:\/\/faculty.fuqua.duke.edu\/~tlc10\/bio\/TLC_articles\/1999\/Chartrand_Bargh_1999.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Crossman, D. (2016, October 29). Simon Sinek on Millennials in the workplace [Video File]. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=488s\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU&amp;t=488s<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">DeVito, J. (2003). <em>Messages: Building interpersonal skills<\/em>. Boston: Allyn &amp; Bacon.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Ducharme, J. (2018, March 29). \u2018Phubbing\u2019 is hurting your relationships. Here\u2019s what it is. Time. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/5216853\/what-is-phubbing\/\">http:\/\/time.com\/5216853\/what-is-phubbing\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Andrew-Gee, E. (2018, April 10). Your smartphone\ud83d\udcf1is making you\ud83d\udc48 stupid, antisocial \ud83d\ude45 and unhealthy \ud83d\ude37. So why can&#8217;t you put it\u00a0down\u2754\u2049\ufe0f <em>The Globe and Mail<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/technology\/your-smartphone-is-making-you-stupid\/article37511900\/\">https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/technology\/your-smartphone-is-making-you-stupid\/article37511900\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Gillett, R. (2016, October 14). The 18 best jobs for people who hate people. <em>Business Insider<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/best-jobs-for-antisocial-people-2016-10\">https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/best-jobs-for-antisocial-people-2016-10<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Mayer, K. R. (1980). Developing delivery skills in oral business communications. <em>Business Communication Quarterly<\/em>, 43(3), 21-24. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.856.2828&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\">http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.856.2828&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">McKenna, J. (2017, September 8). Your child may need this skill as much as literacy and numeracy. <em>World Economic Forum<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2017\/09\/oracy-literacy-skill-every-child-needs\/\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2017\/09\/oracy-literacy-skill-every-child-needs\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Mercer, N., Ahmed, A., &amp; Warwick, P. (2014, October 3). Explainer: what is oracy and why should every child be taught it? <em>The Conversation<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-oracy-and-why-should-every-child-be-taught-it-31817\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-oracy-and-why-should-every-child-be-taught-it-31817<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Shellenbarger, S. (2016, September 20). Use mirroring to connect with others. <em>The Wall Street Journal<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/use-mirroring-to-connect-with-others-1474394329\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/use-mirroring-to-connect-with-others-1474394329<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Smith, M., Robinson, L., &amp; Segal, J. (2018, July). Smartphone addiction: Tips for breaking free of compulsive smartphone use. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/articles\/addictions\/smartphone-addiction.htm\">https:\/\/www.helpguide.org\/articles\/addictions\/smartphone-addiction.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">TED. (2016, March 8). 10 ways to have a better conversation | Celeste Headlee [Video File]. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R1vskiVDwl4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R1vskiVDwl4<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Turkle, S. (2015). Reclaiming conversation: The power of talk in a digital age. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reclaimingconversationbook.com\/books\/reclaiming-conversation-tr\/reclaiming-conversation-hc\">http:\/\/www.reclaimingconversationbook.com\/books\/reclaiming-conversation-tr\/reclaiming-conversation-hc<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-145","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":144,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":288,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/145\/revisions\/288"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/144"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/145\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=145"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=145"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/cmn279\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}