{"id":290,"date":"2022-02-19T08:38:49","date_gmt":"2022-02-19T13:38:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/?post_type=chapter&p=290"},"modified":"2022-02-27T16:12:15","modified_gmt":"2022-02-27T21:12:15","slug":"gestalts-principles","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/chapter\/gestalts-principles\/","title":{"raw":"Gestalt\u2019s Principles","rendered":"Gestalt\u2019s Principles"},"content":{"raw":"In the 1900s, the Gestalt School of Psychology defined some basic principals of visual perception that are still widely accepted today and can be applied as a framework in developing data visualizations.\r\n

Proximity<\/h1>\r\nProximity refers to the closeness of visual elements. The separate design entities come together to create a \u201cunified whole\u201d due to their distance\/space from one another. The closer the entities appear, the stronger the relationship. See Figure 4.1[footnote]Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 9th, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/3210036401-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence[\/footnote] below for an example of how proximity in a scatterplot defines a relationship.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]\"The Figure 4.1- The relationship between fruit production volume and fruit farm gate value based on various fruits in 2020.[\/caption]\r\n

Similarity<\/h1>\r\nSimilarity refers to unity and wholeness (e.g. shapes, text, colours). Elements that look alike are seen as belonging to the same group or creating a pattern to form a singular unit. See Figure 4.2[footnote]Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 9th, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/3210036401-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence[\/footnote] for an example of how repeating colours represent similarity.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_433\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]\"The Figure 4.2- Yearly fruit production in Canada based on 5 fruits over the timespan of 2016-2020.[\/caption]\r\n

Continuity<\/h1>\r\nContinuity refers to our eyes continuing the design of a path, line, or curve , though it may extend beyond the page. The mind will automatically fill in the gap to \u201cgo with the flow\u201d. See Figure 4.3[footnote]Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0356-01 Area, production and sales of mushrooms. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 8th, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/3210035601-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence[\/footnote] for an example of continuity.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_436\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]\"The Figure 4.3- Ontario area (in square feet) used to harvest mushrooms over the years.[\/caption]\r\n

Closure<\/h1>\r\nClosure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a design. There must be enough parts available for the image to be \u201cfilled in\u201d; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4[footnote]Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/1810000201-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence[\/footnote] for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line connecting the 2 broken ones.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_641\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]\"The Figure 4.4- Line graph of the cost of round steak from January-July of 2021, with missing data from the months of March and April, misleading the reader to think that the cost was increasing in March and April as well.[\/caption]\r\n

Figure-Ground<\/h1>\r\nFigure-Ground refers to the design\u2019s focal point (figure) and background (ground) details. Using figure-ground will allow the audience to automatically find the areas to focus upon. Figure 4.4[footnote]Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0356-01 Area, production and sales of mushrooms. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 8th, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/3210035601-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence[\/footnote] displays good contrast, whereas Figure 4.5 displays poor contrast with the same data.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_437\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]\"The Figure 4.5- Bar graph with good contrast presents how the area (in square feet) of mushroom beds in Ontario and British Columbia has changed over the years.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_438\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"689\"]\"The Figure 4.6- Bar graph with poor contrast presents how the area (in square feet) of mushroom beds in Ontario and British Columbia has changed over the years.[\/caption]","rendered":"

In the 1900s, the Gestalt School of Psychology defined some basic principals of visual perception that are still widely accepted today and can be applied as a framework in developing data visualizations.<\/p>\n

Proximity<\/h1>\n

Proximity refers to the closeness of visual elements. The separate design entities come together to create a \u201cunified whole\u201d due to their distance\/space from one another. The closer the entities appear, the stronger the relationship. See Figure 4.1[1]<\/sup><\/a> below for an example of how proximity in a scatterplot defines a relationship.<\/p>\n

\"The
Figure 4.1- The relationship between fruit production volume and fruit farm gate value based on various fruits in 2020.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Similarity<\/h1>\n

Similarity refers to unity and wholeness (e.g. shapes, text, colours). Elements that look alike are seen as belonging to the same group or creating a pattern to form a singular unit. See Figure 4.2[2]<\/sup><\/a> for an example of how repeating colours represent similarity.<\/p>\n

\"The
Figure 4.2- Yearly fruit production in Canada based on 5 fruits over the timespan of 2016-2020.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Continuity<\/h1>\n

Continuity refers to our eyes continuing the design of a path, line, or curve , though it may extend beyond the page. The mind will automatically fill in the gap to \u201cgo with the flow\u201d. See Figure 4.3[3]<\/sup><\/a> for an example of continuity.<\/p>\n

\"The
Figure 4.3- Ontario area (in square feet) used to harvest mushrooms over the years.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Closure<\/h1>\n

Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a design. There must be enough parts available for the image to be \u201cfilled in\u201d; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4[4]<\/sup><\/a> for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line connecting the 2 broken ones.<\/p>\n

\"The
Figure 4.4- Line graph of the cost of round steak from January-July of 2021, with missing data from the months of March and April, misleading the reader to think that the cost was increasing in March and April as well.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Figure-Ground<\/h1>\n

Figure-Ground refers to the design\u2019s focal point (figure) and background (ground) details. Using figure-ground will allow the audience to automatically find the areas to focus upon. Figure 4.4[5]<\/sup><\/a> displays good contrast, whereas Figure 4.5 displays poor contrast with the same data.<\/p>\n

\"The
Figure 4.5- Bar graph with good contrast presents how the area (in square feet) of mushroom beds in Ontario and British Columbia has changed over the years.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"The
Figure 4.6- Bar graph with poor contrast presents how the area (in square feet) of mushroom beds in Ontario and British Columbia has changed over the years.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
  1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 9th, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/3210036401-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence ↵<\/a><\/li>
  2. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 9th, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/3210036401-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence ↵<\/a><\/li>
  3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0356-01 Area, production and sales of mushrooms. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 8th, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/3210035601-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence ↵<\/a><\/li>
  4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/1810000201-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence ↵<\/a><\/li>
  5. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0356-01 Area, production and sales of mushrooms. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 8th, 2022. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/3210035601-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/en\/reference\/licence ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":388,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-290","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":249,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/290","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/388"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/290\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":741,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/290\/revisions\/741"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/249"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/290\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=290"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=290"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=290"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/criticaldataliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=290"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}