{"id":656,"date":"2018-05-02T14:12:52","date_gmt":"2018-05-02T14:12:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/dabp\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=656"},"modified":"2019-09-10T21:16:40","modified_gmt":"2019-09-10T21:16:40","slug":"international-digital-accessibility-regulations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/chapter\/international-digital-accessibility-regulations\/","title":{"raw":"International Digital Accessibility Regulations","rendered":"International Digital Accessibility Regulations"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>United Kingdom<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Equality Act 2010<\/h3>\r\nThe Equality Act in the United Kingdom\u00a0does not specifically address how web accessibility should be implemented, but in Section 29(1), require that those who sell or provide services to the public must not discriminate against any person requiring the service. Effectively, preventing a person with a disability from accessing a service on the web constitutes discrimination.\r\n\r\nSections 20 and 29(7) of the Act make it an ongoing duty of service providers to make \u201creasonable adjustments\u201d to accommodate people with disabilities. To this end, the British Standards Institution (BSI) <a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/shop.bsigroup.com\/en\/ProductDetail\/?pid=000000000030180388\">provides a code of practice (BS 8878)<\/a> on web accessibility, based on WCAG 1.0.\r\n\r\nFor more about BSI efforts, watch the following video:\r\n\r\n<strong>Video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=awldEoQ-aNQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BSI Documentary - Web accessibility - World Standards Day 14 Oct 2010<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=awldEoQ-aNQ[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<span class=\"small\">\u00a9 BSI Group. Released under the terms of a Standard YouTube License. All rights reserved.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.seqlegal.com\/blog\/website-accessibility-and-equality-act-2010\">Website accessibility and the Equality Act 2010<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2010\/15\/contents\">Equality Act 2010<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/equality-act-2010-guidance\">Equality Act 2010: Guidance<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Europe<\/h2>\r\nThroughout Europe, a number of countries have their own accessibility laws, each based on WCAG 2.0. In 2010, the European Union itself introduced web accessibility guidelines based on WCAG 2.0 Level AA requirements. The EU Parliament passed a law in 2014 that requires all public sector websites, and private sector websites that provide key public services, to conform with WCAG 2.0 Level AA requirements, with new content conforming within one year, existing content conforming within three years, and multimedia content conforming within five years.\r\n\r\nThis does not mean, however, that all countries in the EU must now conform. The law now goes before the EU Council, where heads of state will debate it, which promises to draw out adoption for many years into the future, if it gets adopted at all.\r\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/ipg\/standards\/accessibility\/index_en.htm\">The EU Internet Handbook: Web Accessibility<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/news-events\/news\/754-new-european-standard-on-accessibility-requirements-for-public-procurement-of-ict-products-and-services\">New European Standard on accessibility requirements for public procurement of ICT products and services (ETSI EN 301 549)<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mandate376.standards.eu\/standard\/technical-requirements\/#9\">Standard - EN 301 549<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Italy<\/h3>\r\nIn Italy, the Stanca Act 2004 (<em><span lang=\"it\">Disposizioni per favorire l\u2019accesso dei soggetti disabili agli strumenti informatici<\/span><\/em>) governs web accessibility requirements for all levels of government, private firms that are licensees of public services, public assistance and rehabilitation agencies, transport and telecommunications companies, as well as ICT service contractors.\r\n\r\nThe Stanca Act has 22 technical accessibility requirements originally based on WCAG\u00a01.0 Level A guidelines, updated in 2013 to reflect changes in WCAG 2.0.\r\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.agid.gov.it\/dm-8-luglio-2005-allegato-A#requisiti\">Stanca 2013 Requirements (Italian)<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Germany<\/h3>\r\nIn Germany, BITV 2.0 (<em><span lang=\"de\">Barrierefreie Informationstechnik-Verordnung<\/span><\/em>), which adopts WCAG 2.0 with a few modifications, requires accessibility for all government websites at Level AA (i.e., BITV Priority 1).\r\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.einfach-fuer-alle.de\/artikel\/bitv_english\/bitv_annex1\/\">BITV (Appendix 1)<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>France<\/h3>\r\nAccessibility requirements in France are specified in <a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000809647&amp;dateTexte=\">Law No 2005-102, Article 47<\/a>, and its associated technical requirements are defined in RGAA 3 (based on WCAG 2.0). It is mandatory for all public online communication services, public institutions, and the State, to conform with RGAA (WCAG 2.0).\r\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexteArticle.do;jsessionid=1C158CD1669658D96BFA12998D3A33FE.tpdila08v_3?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006682279&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006051257&amp;dateTexte=20151030\">Law No 2005-102, Article 47 (French)<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/references.modernisation.gouv.fr\/rgaa-3-0\"><span lang=\"fr\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel G\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019Accessibilit\u00e9 pour les Administrations<\/span> (RGAA) (French)<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Spain<\/h3>\r\nThe web accessibility laws in Spain are Law 34\/2002 and Law 51\/2003, which require all government websites to conform with WCAG 1.0 Priority 2 guidelines. More recently, UNE 139803:2012 adopts WCAG 2.0 requirements and mandates that the following types of organizations comply with WCAG Level AA requirements:\u00a0government and government-funded organizations; organizations larger than 100 employees; organizations with a trading column greater than 6 million Euros; or organizations providing financial, utility, travel\/passenger, or retail services online.\r\n\r\n(See:\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.webcontrol.es\/en\/technology\/web-accessibility\/legislation-in-spain\">Legislation in Spain<\/a> )\r\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.congreso.es\/public_oficiales\/L7\/CONG\/BOCG\/A\/A_068-13.PDF\">Law 34\/2002 - Information Society and Electronic Commerce Services Act PDF (Spanish)<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/noticias.juridicas.com\/base_datos\/Admin\/l34-2002.html\">Law 34\/2002 - Information Society and Electronic Commerce Services Act web page (Spanish)<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/accesibilidadweb.dlsi.ua.es\/?menu=une139803-2004\">UNE 139803:2004 - Applications for people with disabilities (Spanish)<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aenor.es\/aenor\/normas\/normas\/fichanorma.asp?tipo=N&amp;codigo=N0049614#.V3FzwI5jF1N\">UNE 139803:2012 - Web content accessibility requirements. (supersedes <\/a><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aenor.com\/normas-y-libros\/buscador-de-normas\/UNE?c=N0032576#.VjPSXaJidSY\">139803:2004<\/a><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aenor.es\/aenor\/normas\/normas\/fichanorma.asp?tipo=N&amp;codigo=N0049614#.V3FzwI5jF1N\">)<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/noticias.juridicas.com\/base_datos\/Admin\/l51-2003.html\">Law 51\/2003 - Equality of opportunities, non-discrimination, and universal accessibility for people with disabilities (Spanish)<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Australia<\/h3>\r\nThough not specifically referencing the web, section 24 of the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992 makes it unlawful for a person who provides goods, facilities, or services to discriminate on the grounds of disability. This law was tested in 2000, when a blind man successfully sued the Sydney Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG) when its website prevented him from purchasing event tickets.\r\n\r\nThe Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) shortly after released the World Wide Web Access: Disability Discrimination Act Advisory Notes. These were last updated in 2014, and, while they do not have direct legal force, they do provide web accessibility guidance for Australians on how to avoid discriminatory practices when developing web content, based on WCAG 2.0.\r\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrights.gov.au\/world-wide-web-access-disability-discrimination-act-advisory-notes-ver-40-2010\">World Wide Web Access: Disability Discrimination Act Advisory Notes<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Readings &amp; References:\u00a0<\/strong>For more about international web accessibility laws, see the following resources:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/jimthatcher.com\/book2\/chapter17.html\">Chapter 17 - Web Accessibility (2006)<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/Policy\/\">Policies Relating to Web Accessibility (W3C)<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.powermapper.com\/blog\/government-accessibility-standards\/\">Government accessibility standards and WCAG 2<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/webaim.org\/articles\/laws\/world\/\">World Laws WebAIM<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h2>United Kingdom<\/h2>\n<h3>Equality Act 2010<\/h3>\n<p>The Equality Act in the United Kingdom\u00a0does not specifically address how web accessibility should be implemented, but in Section 29(1), require that those who sell or provide services to the public must not discriminate against any person requiring the service. Effectively, preventing a person with a disability from accessing a service on the web constitutes discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>Sections 20 and 29(7) of the Act make it an ongoing duty of service providers to make \u201creasonable adjustments\u201d to accommodate people with disabilities. To this end, the British Standards Institution (BSI) <a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/shop.bsigroup.com\/en\/ProductDetail\/?pid=000000000030180388\">provides a code of practice (BS 8878)<\/a> on web accessibility, based on WCAG 1.0.<\/p>\n<p>For more about BSI efforts, watch the following video:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=awldEoQ-aNQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BSI Documentary &#8211; Web accessibility &#8211; World Standards Day 14 Oct 2010<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"BSI Documentary - Web accessibility - World Standards Day 14 Oct 2010\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/awldEoQ-aNQ?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small\">\u00a9 BSI Group. Released under the terms of a Standard YouTube License. All rights reserved.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\n<p><strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.seqlegal.com\/blog\/website-accessibility-and-equality-act-2010\">Website accessibility and the Equality Act 2010<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2010\/15\/contents\">Equality Act 2010<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/equality-act-2010-guidance\">Equality Act 2010: Guidance<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Europe<\/h2>\n<p>Throughout Europe, a number of countries have their own accessibility laws, each based on WCAG 2.0. In 2010, the European Union itself introduced web accessibility guidelines based on WCAG 2.0 Level AA requirements. The EU Parliament passed a law in 2014 that requires all public sector websites, and private sector websites that provide key public services, to conform with WCAG 2.0 Level AA requirements, with new content conforming within one year, existing content conforming within three years, and multimedia content conforming within five years.<\/p>\n<p>This does not mean, however, that all countries in the EU must now conform. The law now goes before the EU Council, where heads of state will debate it, which promises to draw out adoption for many years into the future, if it gets adopted at all.<\/p>\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\n<p><strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/ipg\/standards\/accessibility\/index_en.htm\">The EU Internet Handbook: Web Accessibility<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/news-events\/news\/754-new-european-standard-on-accessibility-requirements-for-public-procurement-of-ict-products-and-services\">New European Standard on accessibility requirements for public procurement of ICT products and services (ETSI EN 301 549)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mandate376.standards.eu\/standard\/technical-requirements\/#9\">Standard &#8211; EN 301 549<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Italy<\/h3>\n<p>In Italy, the Stanca Act 2004 (<em><span lang=\"it\">Disposizioni per favorire l\u2019accesso dei soggetti disabili agli strumenti informatici<\/span><\/em>) governs web accessibility requirements for all levels of government, private firms that are licensees of public services, public assistance and rehabilitation agencies, transport and telecommunications companies, as well as ICT service contractors.<\/p>\n<p>The Stanca Act has 22 technical accessibility requirements originally based on WCAG\u00a01.0 Level A guidelines, updated in 2013 to reflect changes in WCAG 2.0.<\/p>\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\n<p><strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.agid.gov.it\/dm-8-luglio-2005-allegato-A#requisiti\">Stanca 2013 Requirements (Italian)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Germany<\/h3>\n<p>In Germany, BITV 2.0 (<em><span lang=\"de\">Barrierefreie Informationstechnik-Verordnung<\/span><\/em>), which adopts WCAG 2.0 with a few modifications, requires accessibility for all government websites at Level AA (i.e., BITV Priority 1).<\/p>\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\n<p><strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.einfach-fuer-alle.de\/artikel\/bitv_english\/bitv_annex1\/\">BITV (Appendix 1)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>France<\/h3>\n<p>Accessibility requirements in France are specified in <a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000809647&amp;dateTexte=\">Law No 2005-102, Article 47<\/a>, and its associated technical requirements are defined in RGAA 3 (based on WCAG 2.0). It is mandatory for all public online communication services, public institutions, and the State, to conform with RGAA (WCAG 2.0).<\/p>\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\n<p><strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexteArticle.do;jsessionid=1C158CD1669658D96BFA12998D3A33FE.tpdila08v_3?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006682279&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006051257&amp;dateTexte=20151030\">Law No 2005-102, Article 47 (French)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/references.modernisation.gouv.fr\/rgaa-3-0\"><span lang=\"fr\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel G\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019Accessibilit\u00e9 pour les Administrations<\/span> (RGAA) (French)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Spain<\/h3>\n<p>The web accessibility laws in Spain are Law 34\/2002 and Law 51\/2003, which require all government websites to conform with WCAG 1.0 Priority 2 guidelines. More recently, UNE 139803:2012 adopts WCAG 2.0 requirements and mandates that the following types of organizations comply with WCAG Level AA requirements:\u00a0government and government-funded organizations; organizations larger than 100 employees; organizations with a trading column greater than 6 million Euros; or organizations providing financial, utility, travel\/passenger, or retail services online.<\/p>\n<p>(See:\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.webcontrol.es\/en\/technology\/web-accessibility\/legislation-in-spain\">Legislation in Spain<\/a> )<\/p>\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\n<p><strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.congreso.es\/public_oficiales\/L7\/CONG\/BOCG\/A\/A_068-13.PDF\">Law 34\/2002 &#8211; Information Society and Electronic Commerce Services Act PDF (Spanish)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/noticias.juridicas.com\/base_datos\/Admin\/l34-2002.html\">Law 34\/2002 &#8211; Information Society and Electronic Commerce Services Act web page (Spanish)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/accesibilidadweb.dlsi.ua.es\/?menu=une139803-2004\">UNE 139803:2004 &#8211; Applications for people with disabilities (Spanish)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aenor.es\/aenor\/normas\/normas\/fichanorma.asp?tipo=N&amp;codigo=N0049614#.V3FzwI5jF1N\">UNE 139803:2012 &#8211; Web content accessibility requirements. (supersedes <\/a><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aenor.com\/normas-y-libros\/buscador-de-normas\/UNE?c=N0032576#.VjPSXaJidSY\">139803:2004<\/a><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aenor.es\/aenor\/normas\/normas\/fichanorma.asp?tipo=N&amp;codigo=N0049614#.V3FzwI5jF1N\">)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/noticias.juridicas.com\/base_datos\/Admin\/l51-2003.html\">Law 51\/2003 &#8211; Equality of opportunities, non-discrimination, and universal accessibility for people with disabilities (Spanish)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Australia<\/h3>\n<p>Though not specifically referencing the web, section 24 of the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992 makes it unlawful for a person who provides goods, facilities, or services to discriminate on the grounds of disability. This law was tested in 2000, when a blind man successfully sued the Sydney Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG) when its website prevented him from purchasing event tickets.<\/p>\n<p>The Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) shortly after released the World Wide Web Access: Disability Discrimination Act Advisory Notes. These were last updated in 2014, and, while they do not have direct legal force, they do provide web accessibility guidance for Australians on how to avoid discriminatory practices when developing web content, based on WCAG 2.0.<\/p>\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\n<p><strong>Readings &amp; References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrights.gov.au\/world-wide-web-access-disability-discrimination-act-advisory-notes-ver-40-2010\">World Wide Web Access: Disability Discrimination Act Advisory Notes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"colorBox sugReading\">\n<p><strong>Readings &amp; References:\u00a0<\/strong>For more about international web accessibility laws, see the following resources:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/jimthatcher.com\/book2\/chapter17.html\">Chapter 17 &#8211; Web Accessibility (2006)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/Policy\/\">Policies Relating to Web Accessibility (W3C)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.powermapper.com\/blog\/government-accessibility-standards\/\">Government accessibility standards and WCAG 2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/webaim.org\/articles\/laws\/world\/\">World Laws WebAIM<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-656","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":604,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/656","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/56"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/656\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1167,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/656\/revisions\/1167"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/604"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/656\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=656"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=656"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=656"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dabp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=656"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}