{"id":261,"date":"2021-08-30T09:49:56","date_gmt":"2021-08-30T13:49:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/dietmods\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=261"},"modified":"2024-07-15T15:57:51","modified_gmt":"2024-07-15T19:57:51","slug":"diabetes-evaluate","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/chapter\/diabetes-evaluate\/","title":{"raw":"Evaluate","rendered":"Evaluate"},"content":{"raw":"<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-1024x132.png\" alt=\"Step 4: Evaluate\" width=\"1024\" height=\"132\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1370 size-large\" \/>\r\n<h1>Evaluating the Nutrition Care Plan<\/h1>\r\nAfter you have implemented the plan, you want to follow-up and evaluate it to see if it has been effective in addressing your nutrition concerns. This can help you to decide on appropriate changes to make to the nutrition care plan moving forward. To evaluate your plan in an outpatient setting, you will need to set up a follow-up appointment or phone call with your client to gather updated information.\r\n\r\nIn populations with diabetes, the 5 main areas to commonly re-assess in a follow-up are glycemic control, medication and insulin, diet or carb intake, abnormal lipids, and physical activity. These may or may not be a part of the SMART goals you set, so you\u2019ll want to ask the client how they are doing in terms of meeting the SMART goals you set together last appointment.\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"width: 100%\"><caption>Questions to Evaluate Nutrition Care Plan Effectiveness<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 29px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"col\">Common Nutrition Issues<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 29px;width: 535.562px\" scope=\"col\">Evaluate Effectiveness of NCP<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 86px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 86px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Glycemic Control<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"height: 86px;width: 535.562px\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Are their BGs better controlled?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Are they experiencing hypo- or hyperglycemia?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are they using the 15:15 rule to treat hypoglycemia?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 71px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 71px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Medication and Insulin Adherence<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"height: 71px;width: 535.562px\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Are they taking medication as directed?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any improvements in glycemic control after a medication change?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 101px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 101px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Diet\/Carbohydrate Intake<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"height: 101px;width: 535.562px\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Have they made the suggested diet changes?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any barriers to changes?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are they distributing CHO intake throughout the day?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 56px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 56px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Abnormal Lipids<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"height: 56px;width: 535.562px\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If any improvements to lipid profile?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 71px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 71px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Physical Activity<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"height: 71px;width: 535.562px\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Have they made the suggested changes?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any barriers to changes?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Evaluating Penelope's Nutrition Care Plan<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"width: 100%\"><caption>Possible Outcomes of Recommended Changes<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\r\n<th class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 23.6318%\">Common Nutrition Issues<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 35.9453%\">Evaluate Effectiveness of NCP<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 40.2985%\">Outcome<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Glycemic Control<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Are her BGs better controlled?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is she still experiencing hypo- or hyperglycemia?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is she using the 15:15 rule?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No longer experiencing shakiness and hunger before lunch<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Still sometimes waking up with FBG &lt; 4.0mmol\/L<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Medication and Insulin Adherence<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">-<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">-<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Diet\/Carbohydrate Intake<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Using the Plate Method to distribute CHO?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any barriers to changes?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Using the Plate Method for most meals and snacks<\/li>\r\n \t<li>24-hr recall shows success<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Abnormal Lipids<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No concerns at this time<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">N\/A<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Physical Activity<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No concerns at this time<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">N\/A<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nSince hypoglycemia was a concern for Penelope, you booked a follow-up appointment with her for 5 days later to ensure she is not in danger of injury from frequent hypoglycemic events.\r\n\r\nWhen assessing Penelope\u2019s status after the implementation of the nutrition care plan, you want to see if the BG's are better controlled and if she is still experiencing highs or lows. During your follow-up you discover that Penelope has been able to use the Plate Method to plan most meals and snacks, and is including more CHO in her breakfast and lunch, so she is no longer experiencing shakiness and hunger before lunch. Her logbook also shows her blood sugars are around 5-7 in the evening, and her FBG is above 4.\r\n\r\nThe changes Penelope has made are working well to manage her diabetes and prevent hypoglycemia. Penelope is pleased with these changes and will follow up with you in 3 months.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h1>The Nutrition Care Process Model<\/h1>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nAs you use the Nutrition Care Process Model and the learning from this case study as a guide throughout your patient care in practicum, please keep in mind that the process is dynamic, and not step-by-step, as all cases are different. You are encouraged to complete the recommended readings for this module and continue to expand your learning in this clinical area of practice.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nPART 4: EVALUATE COMPLETE. Pause to reflect on the evaluation strategies discussed, and review the readings and resources in the following section for your information.\r\n\r\nYou\u2019ve now completed the nutrition for Diabetes module. Please consider providing feedback through the embedded form in the next section.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Summary<\/h1>\r\nHere is a summary of everything covered in this module:\r\n<h5><strong>ASSESS<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n<strong>Setting the Agenda<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greet and introduce yourself, explain the role of a registered dietitian in diabetes care, engage the patient in the conversation to build rapport, ask about their reasons for the visit and how you can assist in supporting their diabetes management.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Gathering Data for an Assessment<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medical History: Diagnosis, past medical history, family history, symptoms, interdisciplinary team, and medications.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social History: Housing, income, insurance, substance use, food security, and physical activity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anthropometric Data: Weight, weight history, waist circumference, height, and BMI. NOTE: Let the patient guide the discussion towards or away from their weight. If they are not comfortable talking about their weight or do not want to be weighed that is ok.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biochemical Data: Diagnostic criteria (OGTT, FBG, RBG, A1C), target ranges for diabetes management, lipid levels, urinalysis, and renal function.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dietary Data: Eating behaviors, food access and skills, diet history.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5><strong>PLAN<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n<strong>ABCDES of Diabetes Management<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">A1C Targets: Optimal glucose control.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">BP Targets: Optimal blood pressure control.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cholesterol Targets: LDL-C management.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Drugs: Medication for heart protection.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Exercise\/Eating: Regular physical activity, healthy eating, weight maintenance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Smoking Cessation\/Self-Management: Encourage quitting smoking and addressing barriers to achieving goals (stress, finances, social supports).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Creating a Nutrition Care Plan<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Review 8 key areas: hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, medication and insulin, carbohydrate intake, macronutrient distribution, meal timing, cholesterol, and physical activity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Develop PES statements to identify nutrition concerns.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Recommendations Summary<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hypoglycemia: Treat with the 15:15 rule, ensure sufficient carbohydrate intake, suggest to PCP to adjust medication. .<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hyperglycemia: Adjust diet, increase physical activity, suggest to PCP to adjust medication.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medication and Insulin Adherence: Check medication adherence, consult with PCP.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carbohydrate Intake: Choose low GI, high fiber carbs, consider carb counting.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Macronutrient Distribution: Use the plate method, include high fiber carbs at meals and snacks.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meal Timing: Eat regular meals and snacks, no more than 6 hours apart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cholesterol: Choose unsaturated fats, high fiber foods, limit saturated and trans fats.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physical Activity: 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly, resistance exercises 2-3 times a week.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5><strong>IMPLEMENT<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n<strong>Interdisciplinary Team<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Liaise with healthcare team members (endocrinologist, PCP, diabetes nurse educator, social worker, physiotherapist, chiropodist) for medication adjustments, cholesterol management, and updated bloodwork.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Education<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Individualize education, discuss high-risk topics, connect client's goals to the plan.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Check previous education, focus on key messages, use visuals and analogies (insulin as a \"key\").<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Support change with motivational interviewing, SMART goal setting, and referrals to other interdisciplinary team members\u00a0 if needed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5><strong>EVALUATE<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n<strong>Evaluating the Nutrition Care Plan<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFollow-up to gather updated information on the 5 common areas to reassess:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mental Health - How are they coping with living with diabetes? Are they experiencing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.diabetes.ca\/about-diabetes-(3)\/impact-stories\/distressed-by-diabetes\">diabetes burnout<\/a>? What supports do they have? Any additional supports to suggest?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Glycemic Control: Are BGs better controlled? Are they experiencing hypo- or hyperglycemia? Using the 15:15 rule to treat hypoglycemia?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medication and Insulin Adherence: Are they taking medication as directed? Any improvements after a medication change?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diet\/Carbohydrate Intake: Have they made suggested changes? Any barriers? Distributing carbohydrate intake throughout the day?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Abnormal Lipids: Any improvements to lipid profile?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physical Activity: Have they made suggested changes? Any barriers?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBook follow-up appointments to reassess and adjust the plan as needed.\r\n<h1>Acknowledgements<\/h1>\r\nKatie Brunke, RD, CDE, PHEc\r\n\r\nJess Wiles, RD, MHSc(c)","rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Page Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69df4e4be641d\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69df4e4be641d\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/chapter\/diabetes-evaluate\/#Evaluating_the_Nutrition_Care_Plan\" >Evaluating the Nutrition Care Plan<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/chapter\/diabetes-evaluate\/#Evaluating_Penelopes_Nutrition_Care_Plan\" >Evaluating Penelope&#8217;s Nutrition Care Plan<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/chapter\/diabetes-evaluate\/#The_Nutrition_Care_Process_Model\" >The Nutrition Care Process Model<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/chapter\/diabetes-evaluate\/#Summary\" >Summary<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/chapter\/diabetes-evaluate\/#Acknowledgements\" >Acknowledgements<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-1024x132.png\" alt=\"Step 4: Evaluate\" width=\"1024\" height=\"132\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1370 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-1024x132.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-300x39.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-768x99.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-1536x198.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-2048x264.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-65x8.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-225x29.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/262\/2022\/02\/label_4-evaluate-350x45.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evaluating_the_Nutrition_Care_Plan\"><\/span>Evaluating the Nutrition Care Plan<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>After you have implemented the plan, you want to follow-up and evaluate it to see if it has been effective in addressing your nutrition concerns. This can help you to decide on appropriate changes to make to the nutrition care plan moving forward. To evaluate your plan in an outpatient setting, you will need to set up a follow-up appointment or phone call with your client to gather updated information.<\/p>\n<p>In populations with diabetes, the 5 main areas to commonly re-assess in a follow-up are glycemic control, medication and insulin, diet or carb intake, abnormal lipids, and physical activity. These may or may not be a part of the SMART goals you set, so you\u2019ll want to ask the client how they are doing in terms of meeting the SMART goals you set together last appointment.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"width: 100%\">\n<caption>Questions to Evaluate Nutrition Care Plan Effectiveness<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 29px\">\n<th style=\"height: 29px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"col\">Common Nutrition Issues<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 29px;width: 535.562px\" scope=\"col\">Evaluate Effectiveness of NCP<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 86px\">\n<th style=\"height: 86px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Glycemic Control<\/th>\n<td style=\"height: 86px;width: 535.562px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Are their BGs better controlled?<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Are they experiencing hypo- or hyperglycemia?<\/li>\n<li>Are they using the 15:15 rule to treat hypoglycemia?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 71px\">\n<th style=\"height: 71px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Medication and Insulin Adherence<\/th>\n<td style=\"height: 71px;width: 535.562px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Are they taking medication as directed?<\/li>\n<li>Any improvements in glycemic control after a medication change?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 101px\">\n<th style=\"height: 101px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Diet\/Carbohydrate Intake<\/th>\n<td style=\"height: 101px;width: 535.562px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Have they made the suggested diet changes?<\/li>\n<li>Any barriers to changes?<\/li>\n<li>Are they distributing CHO intake throughout the day?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 56px\">\n<th style=\"height: 56px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Abnormal Lipids<\/th>\n<td style=\"height: 56px;width: 535.562px\">\n<ul>\n<li>If any improvements to lipid profile?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 71px\">\n<th style=\"height: 71px;width: 219.688px\" scope=\"row\">Physical Activity<\/th>\n<td style=\"height: 71px;width: 535.562px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Have they made the suggested changes?<\/li>\n<li>Any barriers to changes?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evaluating_Penelopes_Nutrition_Care_Plan\"><\/span>Evaluating Penelope&#8217;s Nutrition Care Plan<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"width: 100%\">\n<caption>Possible Outcomes of Recommended Changes<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<th class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 23.6318%\">Common Nutrition Issues<\/th>\n<th class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 35.9453%\">Evaluate Effectiveness of NCP<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 40.2985%\">Outcome<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Glycemic Control<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Are her BGs better controlled?<\/li>\n<li>Is she still experiencing hypo- or hyperglycemia?<\/li>\n<li>Is she using the 15:15 rule?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">\n<ul>\n<li>No longer experiencing shakiness and hunger before lunch<\/li>\n<li>Still sometimes waking up with FBG &lt; 4.0mmol\/L<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Medication and Insulin Adherence<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Diet\/Carbohydrate Intake<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Using the Plate Method to distribute CHO?<\/li>\n<li>Any barriers to changes?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Using the Plate Method for most meals and snacks<\/li>\n<li>24-hr recall shows success<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Abnormal Lipids<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">\n<ul>\n<li>No concerns at this time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">N\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 23.6318%\" scope=\"row\">Physical Activity<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 35.9453%\">\n<ul>\n<li>No concerns at this time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2985%\">N\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Since hypoglycemia was a concern for Penelope, you booked a follow-up appointment with her for 5 days later to ensure she is not in danger of injury from frequent hypoglycemic events.<\/p>\n<p>When assessing Penelope\u2019s status after the implementation of the nutrition care plan, you want to see if the BG&#8217;s are better controlled and if she is still experiencing highs or lows. During your follow-up you discover that Penelope has been able to use the Plate Method to plan most meals and snacks, and is including more CHO in her breakfast and lunch, so she is no longer experiencing shakiness and hunger before lunch. Her logbook also shows her blood sugars are around 5-7 in the evening, and her FBG is above 4.<\/p>\n<p>The changes Penelope has made are working well to manage her diabetes and prevent hypoglycemia. Penelope is pleased with these changes and will follow up with you in 3 months.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Nutrition_Care_Process_Model\"><\/span>The Nutrition Care Process Model<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>As you use the Nutrition Care Process Model and the learning from this case study as a guide throughout your patient care in practicum, please keep in mind that the process is dynamic, and not step-by-step, as all cases are different. You are encouraged to complete the recommended readings for this module and continue to expand your learning in this clinical area of practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>PART 4: EVALUATE COMPLETE. Pause to reflect on the evaluation strategies discussed, and review the readings and resources in the following section for your information.<\/p>\n<p>You\u2019ve now completed the nutrition for Diabetes module. Please consider providing feedback through the embedded form in the next section.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Summary\"><\/span>Summary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Here is a summary of everything covered in this module:<\/p>\n<h5><strong>ASSESS<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><strong>Setting the Agenda<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greet and introduce yourself, explain the role of a registered dietitian in diabetes care, engage the patient in the conversation to build rapport, ask about their reasons for the visit and how you can assist in supporting their diabetes management.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Gathering Data for an Assessment<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medical History: Diagnosis, past medical history, family history, symptoms, interdisciplinary team, and medications.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social History: Housing, income, insurance, substance use, food security, and physical activity.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anthropometric Data: Weight, weight history, waist circumference, height, and BMI. NOTE: Let the patient guide the discussion towards or away from their weight. If they are not comfortable talking about their weight or do not want to be weighed that is ok.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biochemical Data: Diagnostic criteria (OGTT, FBG, RBG, A1C), target ranges for diabetes management, lipid levels, urinalysis, and renal function.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dietary Data: Eating behaviors, food access and skills, diet history.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>PLAN<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><strong>ABCDES of Diabetes Management<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">A1C Targets: Optimal glucose control.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">BP Targets: Optimal blood pressure control.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cholesterol Targets: LDL-C management.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Drugs: Medication for heart protection.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Exercise\/Eating: Regular physical activity, healthy eating, weight maintenance.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Smoking Cessation\/Self-Management: Encourage quitting smoking and addressing barriers to achieving goals (stress, finances, social supports).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Creating a Nutrition Care Plan<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Review 8 key areas: hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, medication and insulin, carbohydrate intake, macronutrient distribution, meal timing, cholesterol, and physical activity.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Develop PES statements to identify nutrition concerns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Recommendations Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hypoglycemia: Treat with the 15:15 rule, ensure sufficient carbohydrate intake, suggest to PCP to adjust medication. .<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hyperglycemia: Adjust diet, increase physical activity, suggest to PCP to adjust medication.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medication and Insulin Adherence: Check medication adherence, consult with PCP.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carbohydrate Intake: Choose low GI, high fiber carbs, consider carb counting.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Macronutrient Distribution: Use the plate method, include high fiber carbs at meals and snacks.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meal Timing: Eat regular meals and snacks, no more than 6 hours apart.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cholesterol: Choose unsaturated fats, high fiber foods, limit saturated and trans fats.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physical Activity: 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly, resistance exercises 2-3 times a week.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>IMPLEMENT<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><strong>Interdisciplinary Team<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Liaise with healthcare team members (endocrinologist, PCP, diabetes nurse educator, social worker, physiotherapist, chiropodist) for medication adjustments, cholesterol management, and updated bloodwork.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Education<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Individualize education, discuss high-risk topics, connect client&#8217;s goals to the plan.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Check previous education, focus on key messages, use visuals and analogies (insulin as a &#8220;key&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Support change with motivational interviewing, SMART goal setting, and referrals to other interdisciplinary team members\u00a0 if needed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>EVALUATE<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><strong>Evaluating the Nutrition Care Plan<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Follow-up to gather updated information on the 5 common areas to reassess:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mental Health &#8211; How are they coping with living with diabetes? Are they experiencing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.diabetes.ca\/about-diabetes-(3)\/impact-stories\/distressed-by-diabetes\">diabetes burnout<\/a>? What supports do they have? Any additional supports to suggest?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Glycemic Control: Are BGs better controlled? Are they experiencing hypo- or hyperglycemia? Using the 15:15 rule to treat hypoglycemia?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medication and Insulin Adherence: Are they taking medication as directed? Any improvements after a medication change?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diet\/Carbohydrate Intake: Have they made suggested changes? Any barriers? Distributing carbohydrate intake throughout the day?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Abnormal Lipids: Any improvements to lipid profile?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physical Activity: Have they made suggested changes? Any barriers?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Book follow-up appointments to reassess and adjust the plan as needed.<\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Acknowledgements\"><\/span>Acknowledgements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Katie Brunke, RD, CDE, PHEc<\/p>\n<p>Jess Wiles, RD, MHSc(c)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":89,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-261","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/89"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/261\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2366,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/261\/revisions\/2366"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/261\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=261"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=261"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=261"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/dietmods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}