{"id":103,"date":"2021-11-04T14:17:35","date_gmt":"2021-11-04T18:17:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=103"},"modified":"2022-02-28T16:34:13","modified_gmt":"2022-02-28T21:34:13","slug":"introduction-to-key-terminology","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/chapter\/introduction-to-key-terminology\/","title":{"raw":"2.4 Introduction to Key Terminology","rendered":"2.4 Introduction to Key Terminology"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Web 2.0<\/h1>\r\nIn \u201cOnline Lives 2.0: An Introduction,\u201d Laurie McNeill and David Zuern (2015) identify the qualities of what has been termed \u201cWeb 2.0.\u201d The early internet, i.e. \u201cWeb 1.0\u201d spanned the 1980s, 90s, and early 2000s, and was characterized by the ability to access information online and connect via email. Web 2.0, the current iteration of the internet, began around 2004-5 and is characterized by participation, social media, and the collapse between private and public lives. In Web 2.0, Internet users are no longer passive recipients of knowledge. Today, we are actively involved in creating content online and much of what we consume was created by other users rather than traditional media conglomerates or corporations. Many theorize that Web 3.0 is right around the corner (Mersch &amp; Muirhead, 2019) but this course will not take up this next possible phase.\r\n\r\nMcNeill and Zuern also note that in Web 2.0 it\u2019s increasingly difficult not to be online, as the Internet has become integrated into every part of our daily life. The Internet today is used for everything from paying bills to dating to staying in touch with loved ones who live far away, and even for attending a university undergraduate class.\r\n<h1>New Media<\/h1>\r\nWeb 2.0 is related to a term we will be using throughout this course: new media. New media are <em>enabled<\/em> by Web 2.0.\r\n\r\nWhat differentiates old media from new? Every media technology and platform was new at some point! Contemporary conversations around new media revolve around what Henry Jenkins (2006) calls \u201cconvergence culture\u201d, which he defines as \u201cthe flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behavior of media audiences who will go almost anywhere in search of the kinds of entertainment experiences they want\u201d (p. 2). A key element in new media is participation; as described in Web 2.0 above, users are no longer passive viewers, but active participants.\r\n\r\nJenkins (2006) describes new media in the following ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe new media operate with different principles than the broadcast media that dominated American politics for so long\u201d including \u201caccess, participation, reciprocity, and peer-to-peer rather than one-to-many communication\u201d (p. 219).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cA changed sense of community, a greater sense of participation, less dependence on official expertise, and a greater trust in collaborative problem solving\u201d (p. 220).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"33\"]<\/span>\r\n<h2><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Reflection-label-300x101.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-90\" width=\"300\" height=\"101\" \/><\/h2>\r\nWhat examples of new media can you think of? Take a few minutes to write down some ideas.\r\n\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"30\"]<\/span>\r\n<h1>Digital Technologies<\/h1>\r\n<strong>Technologies<\/strong> are the tools that we use in our everyday lives. They are the application of scientific, mechanical, technical, and digital innovations.\r\n\r\nWe will focus on digital technologies and screen technologies in this course (laptops, smartphones, smart TVs, desktop computers, etc.) and the new media and web 2.0 platforms that we use on these devices such as digital media tools (i.e. image editing, audio recording and editing, video editing, and Twine) and social media (i.e. Facebook, TikTok, Twitter, and Instagram).\r\n\r\n<strong>Digital technology<\/strong> describes a specific kind of technology that works with data and information represented by \u2018digital\u2019 values, typically the digits \u20180\u2019 and \u20181\u2019 in binary code.\r\n\r\nTechnologies can be powered by different mechanisms. Digital technology is distinct from other technologies such as the steam engine, which ran on steam power, or analog technologies such as the film camera or mercury thermometer. The computers, tablets and cell phones we use today are all examples of digital technologies. Digital media are media that are enabled by and take place on digital technologies.\r\n\r\n<strong>Digital platforms<\/strong> are the online environments and the associated softwares that facilitate content creation, interaction, and communication between platform users. Burgess (2021) describes how people have become \u201cincreasingly dependent on a relatively small number of digital media platforms\u201d including \u201cGoogle and YouTube (owned by Alphabet), Tencent Video and WeChat (owned by Tencent), iQiyi (controlled by Baidu), Twitter, WhatsApp and Instagram (owned by Facebook), and Facebook itself\u201d (p. 22. Note that since this article was written, Twitter, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook are now all owned by Meta). These, along with entertainment platforms like Tumblr, Twitch, and TikTok and crowdfunding platforms like Patreon and Kickstarter, make up the \u201ccommercial digital media ecosystem\u201d of Web 2.0 today (Burgess, 2021, p. 22).","rendered":"<h1>Web 2.0<\/h1>\n<p>In \u201cOnline Lives 2.0: An Introduction,\u201d Laurie McNeill and David Zuern (2015) identify the qualities of what has been termed \u201cWeb 2.0.\u201d The early internet, i.e. \u201cWeb 1.0\u201d spanned the 1980s, 90s, and early 2000s, and was characterized by the ability to access information online and connect via email. Web 2.0, the current iteration of the internet, began around 2004-5 and is characterized by participation, social media, and the collapse between private and public lives. In Web 2.0, Internet users are no longer passive recipients of knowledge. Today, we are actively involved in creating content online and much of what we consume was created by other users rather than traditional media conglomerates or corporations. Many theorize that Web 3.0 is right around the corner (Mersch &amp; Muirhead, 2019) but this course will not take up this next possible phase.<\/p>\n<p>McNeill and Zuern also note that in Web 2.0 it\u2019s increasingly difficult not to be online, as the Internet has become integrated into every part of our daily life. The Internet today is used for everything from paying bills to dating to staying in touch with loved ones who live far away, and even for attending a university undergraduate class.<\/p>\n<h1>New Media<\/h1>\n<p>Web 2.0 is related to a term we will be using throughout this course: new media. New media are <em>enabled<\/em> by Web 2.0.<\/p>\n<p>What differentiates old media from new? Every media technology and platform was new at some point! Contemporary conversations around new media revolve around what Henry Jenkins (2006) calls \u201cconvergence culture\u201d, which he defines as \u201cthe flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behavior of media audiences who will go almost anywhere in search of the kinds of entertainment experiences they want\u201d (p. 2). A key element in new media is participation; as described in Web 2.0 above, users are no longer passive viewers, but active participants.<\/p>\n<p>Jenkins (2006) describes new media in the following ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe new media operate with different principles than the broadcast media that dominated American politics for so long\u201d including \u201caccess, participation, reciprocity, and peer-to-peer rather than one-to-many communication\u201d (p. 219).<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cA changed sense of community, a greater sense of participation, less dependence on official expertise, and a greater trust in collaborative problem solving\u201d (p. 220).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-33\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-33\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"33\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Define new media\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Reflection-label-300x101.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-90\" width=\"300\" height=\"101\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Reflection-label-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Reflection-label-65x22.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Reflection-label-225x76.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Reflection-label.png 351w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/h2>\n<p>What examples of new media can you think of? Take a few minutes to write down some ideas.<\/p>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-30\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-30\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"30\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Generic Reflection\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<h1>Digital Technologies<\/h1>\n<p><strong>Technologies<\/strong> are the tools that we use in our everyday lives. They are the application of scientific, mechanical, technical, and digital innovations.<\/p>\n<p>We will focus on digital technologies and screen technologies in this course (laptops, smartphones, smart TVs, desktop computers, etc.) and the new media and web 2.0 platforms that we use on these devices such as digital media tools (i.e. image editing, audio recording and editing, video editing, and Twine) and social media (i.e. Facebook, TikTok, Twitter, and Instagram).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Digital technology<\/strong> describes a specific kind of technology that works with data and information represented by \u2018digital\u2019 values, typically the digits \u20180\u2019 and \u20181\u2019 in binary code.<\/p>\n<p>Technologies can be powered by different mechanisms. Digital technology is distinct from other technologies such as the steam engine, which ran on steam power, or analog technologies such as the film camera or mercury thermometer. The computers, tablets and cell phones we use today are all examples of digital technologies. Digital media are media that are enabled by and take place on digital technologies.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Digital platforms<\/strong> are the online environments and the associated softwares that facilitate content creation, interaction, and communication between platform users. Burgess (2021) describes how people have become \u201cincreasingly dependent on a relatively small number of digital media platforms\u201d including \u201cGoogle and YouTube (owned by Alphabet), Tencent Video and WeChat (owned by Tencent), iQiyi (controlled by Baidu), Twitter, WhatsApp and Instagram (owned by Facebook), and Facebook itself\u201d (p. 22. Note that since this article was written, Twitter, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook are now all owned by Meta). These, along with entertainment platforms like Tumblr, Twitch, and TikTok and crowdfunding platforms like Patreon and Kickstarter, make up the \u201ccommercial digital media ecosystem\u201d of Web 2.0 today (Burgess, 2021, p. 22).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":363,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-103","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":94,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/103","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/363"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/103\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1696,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/103\/revisions\/1696"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/94"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/103\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=103"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=103"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}