{"id":237,"date":"2021-12-02T12:20:41","date_gmt":"2021-12-02T17:20:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=237"},"modified":"2022-02-28T16:35:45","modified_gmt":"2022-02-28T21:35:45","slug":"access-barriers-and-harm","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/chapter\/access-barriers-and-harm\/","title":{"raw":"4.4 Access Barriers and Harm","rendered":"4.4 Access Barriers and Harm"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"attachment_808\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"435\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/affecttheverb.com\/gallery\/disabledandhere\/magnificationapp\/\"><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2022\/02\/Magnification-app-Sherm-for-Disabled-And-Here-284x300.png\" alt=\"A Black person with short, thick hair and prescription glasses sits at an organized workstation, using a magnification app to navigate a webpage. Their posture is proper and relaxed. On the desk: a computer, a mouse, a large desk lamp and a small notebook.\" width=\"435\" height=\"549\" class=\" wp-image-808\" \/><\/a> Image source: Sherm for Disabled And Here, licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC-BY 4.0<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/chapter\/platform-studies\/\">In the second module<\/a>, we made a list of platform affordances and constraints using the lens of access and disability justice. We saw how writers like Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha (2018) and Johanna Hedva (2016) point to the way in which digital media can be an effective way for disabled users to create community, share stories, protest, love, learn, and educate. However, as Goggin (2017) pointed out, it\u2019s important to recognize that every platform, medium, and format is limited, and that disability is incredibly diverse. Here, we can invite Elizabeth Ellcessor into the conversation to complicate our understanding of the relationship between digital media and disability.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIn Restricted Access (2016), Ellcessor outlines the ways in which digital media can be both inaccessible for people with disabilities as well as disabling. Ellcessor argues that \u201cdigital media cultures take for granted an able-bodied user position, potentially restricting access for users with a variety of disabilities\u201d (p. 2). She goes on to explain that \u201caccess must be understood not in terms of availability, affordability, or choice but in terms of an individual\u2019s ability to engage meaningfully with a medium\/technology and its content\u201d (p. 6). In this section, we will begin to explore the ways in which digital media is inaccessible and exclusionary. We will critically consider which bodies our devices and programs are designed for and which bodies are positioned as the exception, needing accommodations and special (often expensive) set-ups. Remember also the ways that disabled people are creative and agentive within these systems, as outlined in Module 3.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Activity-label-300x100.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"100\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-87\" \/>\r\n<h1>Inaccessible and Harmful Digital Media<\/h1>\r\nIn what ways are digital media inaccessible or even harmful to users? Examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Not always close-captioned<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Designed in ways that are not always accessible to people with colour blindness<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flashing or strobing lights that can cause seizures<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nTake a few minutes to brainstorm other ways in which digital media are inaccessible or actively harmful to users. Click this link to create your own copy of a chart with different technologies and platforms to guide your brainstorming, or fill out the text boxes below.\r\n\r\nQuestions to guide your analysis:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Do these technologies require bodies to be in a certain position? I.e. Sitting at a desk, walking around, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">What parts of our bodies do the technologies heavily rely on for use? I.e. Hands and fingers for touchscreens, ears and hearing for audio, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Does the platform have alt-text on images for screen readers?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Does the platform offer close captions? Are the captions created by a person or a program, and how good are the captions?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is accessibility an afterthought or built into the platform?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">How might people with different physical disabilities access these platforms?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">How might people with mental illnesses be affected by these platforms and their content?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is it easy to find the access options or are they obscured or hidden?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"35\"]<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"36\"]<\/span>","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_808\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-808\" style=\"width: 435px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/affecttheverb.com\/gallery\/disabledandhere\/magnificationapp\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2022\/02\/Magnification-app-Sherm-for-Disabled-And-Here-284x300.png\" alt=\"A Black person with short, thick hair and prescription glasses sits at an organized workstation, using a magnification app to navigate a webpage. Their posture is proper and relaxed. On the desk: a computer, a mouse, a large desk lamp and a small notebook.\" width=\"435\" height=\"549\" class=\"wp-image-808\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-808\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image source: Sherm for Disabled And Here, licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC-BY 4.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/chapter\/platform-studies\/\">In the second module<\/a>, we made a list of platform affordances and constraints using the lens of access and disability justice. We saw how writers like Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha (2018) and Johanna Hedva (2016) point to the way in which digital media can be an effective way for disabled users to create community, share stories, protest, love, learn, and educate. However, as Goggin (2017) pointed out, it\u2019s important to recognize that every platform, medium, and format is limited, and that disability is incredibly diverse. Here, we can invite Elizabeth Ellcessor into the conversation to complicate our understanding of the relationship between digital media and disability.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In Restricted Access (2016), Ellcessor outlines the ways in which digital media can be both inaccessible for people with disabilities as well as disabling. Ellcessor argues that \u201cdigital media cultures take for granted an able-bodied user position, potentially restricting access for users with a variety of disabilities\u201d (p. 2). She goes on to explain that \u201caccess must be understood not in terms of availability, affordability, or choice but in terms of an individual\u2019s ability to engage meaningfully with a medium\/technology and its content\u201d (p. 6). In this section, we will begin to explore the ways in which digital media is inaccessible and exclusionary. We will critically consider which bodies our devices and programs are designed for and which bodies are positioned as the exception, needing accommodations and special (often expensive) set-ups. Remember also the ways that disabled people are creative and agentive within these systems, as outlined in Module 3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Activity-label-300x100.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"100\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-87\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Activity-label-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Activity-label-65x22.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Activity-label-225x75.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Activity-label-350x117.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/300\/2021\/11\/Activity-label.png 353w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h1>Inaccessible and Harmful Digital Media<\/h1>\n<p>In what ways are digital media inaccessible or even harmful to users? Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Not always close-captioned<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Designed in ways that are not always accessible to people with colour blindness<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flashing or strobing lights that can cause seizures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Take a few minutes to brainstorm other ways in which digital media are inaccessible or actively harmful to users. Click this link to create your own copy of a chart with different technologies and platforms to guide your brainstorming, or fill out the text boxes below.<\/p>\n<p>Questions to guide your analysis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Do these technologies require bodies to be in a certain position? I.e. Sitting at a desk, walking around, etc.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">What parts of our bodies do the technologies heavily rely on for use? I.e. Hands and fingers for touchscreens, ears and hearing for audio, etc.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Does the platform have alt-text on images for screen readers?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Does the platform offer close captions? Are the captions created by a person or a program, and how good are the captions?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is accessibility an afterthought or built into the platform?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">How might people with different physical disabilities access these platforms?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">How might people with mental illnesses be affected by these platforms and their content?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is it easy to find the access options or are they obscured or hidden?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-35\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-35\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"35\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 4 - Screen technology inaccessibility\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-36\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-36\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"36\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 7 - Essay\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":363,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-237","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":142,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/237","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/363"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/237\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1709,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/237\/revisions\/1709"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/142"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/237\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=237"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=237"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=237"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitaldisabilitystudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=237"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}