{"id":49,"date":"2018-02-22T01:39:06","date_gmt":"2018-02-22T01:39:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=49"},"modified":"2019-03-03T00:57:47","modified_gmt":"2019-03-03T00:57:47","slug":"chapter-4-%e2%80%a2-color-management-reem","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/chapter\/chapter-4-%e2%80%a2-color-management-reem\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 4 \u2022 Color Management","rendered":"Chapter 4 \u2022 Color Management"},"content":{"raw":"How can you get consistent color from camera to monitor to print?\u00a0Shouldn\u2019t color match by itself? The advent of desktop\u00a0publishing in the 1990s enabled users to connect various \u201cplug-and-play\u201d color peripherals, including cameras, monitors, and printers. Although standards have helped create uniform color, one device does not necessarily \u201cknow\u201d about the others or the way they\u00a0save, show, or print color.\r\n\r\nOne standard that has helped overcome device color differences is the International Color Consortium (ICC) profile format, which characterizes devices by relating their color to a mathematical model of human vision. Colour profiling is a great solution to the quest for closely-matching color but can be a challenge to set up.\r\n\r\nThe purpose of this chapter is to help users understand the concepts behind color management. To implement a system, help will undoubtedly be required from systems and peripherals vendors.\r\n\r\nICC profiles capture the color reproduction characteristics of each device using an industry-standard file format for both Windows and Macintosh computers (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-1<\/strong><\/span>). These profiles can be read by ICC-compatible photo-editing, illustration, page-layout, web-design, and web-browsing programs as well as the drivers and raster image processors (RIPs) that control printers.\r\n\r\nWhen considering workflow, keep in mind that the goals of using color management in a digital workflow are to have:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>accurate, consistent color from the original scene, photographic print, or transparency to final output (printed or displayed).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>accurate monitor previews of the original file, final output, or proof.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>proofs that simulate press sheets or production printers.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_142\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"512\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" class=\"wp-image-142\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-1.<\/strong> Standard Working Spaces. These diagrams in the CIE xyY chromaticity diagram compare the color gamuts of Adobe RGB and sRGB standard RGB working spaces with those of a color scanner (could also be a digital camera) and a web offset printing press such as would be used to print magazines and catalogs.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>The Source-Destination-Simulation Model<\/h2>\r\nThe above workflow objectives are facilitated by four types of ICC profiles:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>source profile<\/em>\u2014This profile describes the color space in which the image was created or currently exists\u2014generally a scanner or camera profile. It could also be a standard working space profile. Ideally, all images with a scanner or camera profile should be\u00a0converted to a\u00a0standard working space, and\u00a0the standard\u00a0working space\u00a0profile should\u00a0be embedded\u00a0into files, so\u00a0users can identify it down the line. If you or your customer don\u2019t know what standard working space was used, you won\u2019t be able to get matching color.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>standard working space profile<\/em>\u2014A standard working space is a place to store data until you know what you want to do with it (display, proof, print, or archive it). Adobe Photoshop and other applications support several standard RGB working spaces, including (from largest to smallest) Adobe RGB, ColorMatch RGB, and\u00a0sRGB. Most content creators today use the\u00a0largest, Adobe RGB. Users with\u00a0CMYK workflows can use one of\u00a0Adobe\u2019s standard CMYK working spaces, such as\u00a0U.S. Sheetfed Coated or U.S. \u00a0Web Coated (SWOP). Of these Sheetfed Coated has the larger gamut, but SWOP is more common. SWOP (Specifications for Web Offset Publications) was the first color specification developed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>destination profile<\/em>\u2014This profile describes the device or process to which the file will be output. The destination could be a color monitor (for display), an inkjet printer (for proofing), or a production printer (for final output).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>simulation profile<\/em>\u2014This profile describes the device or process that the image should look like when proofed. When proofed on a small inkjet printer, for example, the simulation profile would be that of the production printer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe role of the four profile types can be seen in the workflow illustrated in <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Figure 4-2<\/span><\/strong>. To follow the workflow, think of color image files as \u201con the move\u201d from a source (e.g., camera, file) to a destination (monitor, printer, proofer). Each step is represented by a profile. \u201cAssigning\u201d profiles to a file indicates what device it came from, while \u201cconverting\u201d changes the color to match on an output device.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_147\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"917\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_SourceDestWorkflow.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"917\" height=\"590\" class=\"wp-image-147 size-full\" style=\"border: 1px solid gray\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-2.<\/strong> Workflow illustrating the source-destination-simulation color model. A digital camera file (A) can be converted from a digital camera profile (DCP) to a standard working space profile (represented by the CDs), then converted for output to a monitor profile for display (B), a proofer with simulation of the final output, and a printer (C).[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3>Let\u2019s Start with the File . . .<\/h3>\r\nTo use color management effectively in a workflow, the standard file types (TIFF, JPG, PDF, EPS, etc.) you\u2019re printing should be in one of the industry-standard color working spaces, such as Adobe RGB, sRGB, or SWOP CMYK (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-3<\/strong><\/span><span>). A standard working space is an ICC profile that has been standardized and is the same for all ICC-compatible applications. It is a place to store color data until you know what you want to do with it, such as print it or display it.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_136\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"398\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_FXF-DB_InputProfiles.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"398\" height=\"471\" class=\"wp-image-136 size-full\" style=\"border: 1px solid gray\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-3.<\/strong> A standard working space profile is the starting point for a good color-managed workflow. This profile acts like a nametag for the file, identifying its color space for proper matching. This example shows an EFI Fiery RIP\u2019s setting for\u00a0default\u00a0input profile. This profile is assigned to images that don\u2019t have an embedded ICC profile.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nYou will need to choose whether to <span>use an RGB or CMYK working space (see\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-1<\/strong><\/span>). RGB\u00a0working spaces generally provide larger color\u00a0gamuts than CMYK. They give the greatest color\u00a0<\/span><span>saturation or \u201cpop.\u201d Customers may submit files\u00a0in CMYK, though. In either case, the standard\u00a0working space profile should be embedded in the image. Embedding the profile doesn\u2019t add much to the file size, and it enables anyone who receives the file to match the color on output or display, as long as they have an accurate output profile.<\/span>\r\n\r\nIf the standard working space profile isn\u2019t embedded in the image, most workflow applications enable you to specify a default source profile (see\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Figure 4-3<\/span><\/strong>). If a customer submits a file without an embedded standard working space profile and you don\u2019t know what profile they used, it\u2019s best to contact the customer and ask. Otherwise, you\u2019ll have to choose a profile and the color may not match the customer\u2019s expectations.\r\n<h3>Where Did the File Come From?<\/h3>\r\nPhotos to be printed may have been scanned, captured with a digital camera, or licensed from an image bank. Image bank photos should have an embedded standard working space profile. To properly start a color-managed workflow, scans and captures should be done with a profiled scanner or camera. If the driver supports ICC profiles, you\u2019ll be able to assign the profile to images or convert them to a standard working space upon saving. If your scanner or camera driver doesn\u2019t support ICC profiles, you can still profile the device, then assign the profile in Photoshop using the command <em>Edit &gt; Assign Profile<\/em> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-4<\/strong><\/span>). (Assign indicates the color space where the image came from, or its source; versus Convert to, which indicates where it\u2019s going, or being output.)\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_143\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"512\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_PS-DB_AssignProfile-1024x317.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-143\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-4.<\/strong> Photoshop's Edit &gt; Assign profile can be\u00a0used to identify the source profile of a scanned or digitally-photographed image if the scanner or camera driver doesn\u2019t support input profiles.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTo streamline your workflow, convert all images from the scanner or camera input profile to a standard working space profile. This places all of your images in the same color space. An exception might be for fine-art photographers or anyone who handles all files in-house and wants extreme color accuracy. These users may want to avoid the slight inaccuracy of an additional color conversion by leaving images in the\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">color space of the scanner or camera profile. As long as the profile is embedded in the image, the RIP will be able to read it and use it for color matching.<\/span>\r\n<h3>Where is the File Going?<\/h3>\r\nWhen printed, files will be output to a printer using an application RIP. ICC-compatible RIPs enable the selection of an output profile (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-5<\/strong><\/span>). This profile will be specific to the printer, ink, paper or media, and RIP settings (such as resolution and dot pattern). Selecting the proper printer profile ensures that your images will match the original file as closely as possible. Using a printer profile alone does not guarantee a match to the monitor, but rather to the original file.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_137\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"394\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-4_FXF-DB_OutputProfile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"394\" height=\"66\" class=\"wp-image-137 size-full\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-5.<\/strong> Software RIPs, such as EFI Fiery, used with large-format inkjet printers and computer-to-plate platesetters enable selection of an output profile that characterizes its print characteristics.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Soft Proofing<\/h2>\r\nBefore printing images, you may wish to preview them on the monitor. Soft proofing can be done in an ICC-compatible application or RIP. Most RIPs support color-managed monitors for accurate previewing. To accurately preview files on the monitor, you will need to have a calibrated monitor and monitor profile. If the RIP supports monitor profiles, it will convert color from the standard working space profile to the monitor profile. This shows that \u201cwhat you see is what\u2019s in the file\u201d (WYSIWIF). If the RIP supports soft proofing, it will convert color from the standard working space to the monitor profile, using the printer profile as a reference or \u201csimulation\u201d profile (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-6<\/strong><\/span>).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_138\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"395\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-5_FXF-DB_SimulationProfile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"395\" height=\"116\" class=\"wp-image-138 size-full\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-6.<\/strong>\u00a0Simulation profile in EFI\u2019s Fiery RIP. The simulation profile enables an inkjet proofer to print color that looks\u00a0like it came from a lithographic press printing to GRACoL specifications. (GRACoL stands for General Requirements in Applications of Commercial Offset Lithography.)[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Printing with Profiles<\/h2>\r\nIf you use a digital camera, chances are you may print images using a large-format inkjet printer. These printers have become many photographers\u2019 \u201cdigital darkrooms.\u201d Inkjet printers typically work with computer based raster image processors known as software RIPs. A raster image processor (RIP) converts files from vector- and\/or bitmapped format into a device-specific bitmap that controls the imaging of inkjet ink spots, image carrier halftone dots, or other output reproduction imaging processes.\r\n\r\nMany RIPs used in large-format inkjet printing can be used to print individual graphics directly from files. For document production, it is more common to print to a RIP from an application.\r\n\r\n<strong>Printing Directly from a RIP with Colour Management. <\/strong><span>When printing files by opening them in a RIP, the files should have an embedded source profile, or the profile should be identified in the RIP as the default source profile. Choose the correct output profile for the media, ink, printer, and settings (See<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong> Figures 4-3<\/strong><\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>4-5<\/strong><\/span>).<\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Printing from Applications with RIP Colour Management. <\/strong><span>When printing to a RIP from applications, there are three places to set color management profiles: the application, the RIP, and ICM (Windows) or ColorSync (Apple). Only one conversion should be set to avoid multiple color transformations. To print a file from an application using RIP color management, ensure that the file is in a standard working space, as would a file that is to be printed directly from the RIP. In the application, set the output profile to \u201cPrinter Manages Color,\u201d as shown in Photoshop (<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-7<\/strong><\/span><span>) as an example. This will transmit the file to the RIP with color unchanged, saving the color conversion for the RIP. Second, your RIP may create a Windows printer for each device you use. Windows printers have settings for Microsoft\u2019s Integrated Color Management (ICM). If activated, the ICM settings could cause a double color conversion. To avoid this, set Windows ICM to \u201cApplication Managed Colors\u201d or \u201cICM Disabled.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_150\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-7_PS-DB_Print_NoCMS-1024x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"613\" class=\"wp-image-150 size-large\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-7.<\/strong> When printing to a RIP from an application, turn off color management in the application by selecting (in this example with Photoshop) \u201cPrinter Manages Colors.\u201d This passes the file unchanged to the RIP, where color conversion for accurate output matching takes place.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Printing from Applications without RIP Colour Management.<\/strong>\u00a0ICC-compatible applications can print with color matching by converting images from the standard working space profile to the printer profile. Using Photoshop as an example, in the Print dialog box, select Color Handling &gt; Photoshop Manages Colors and Printer Profile &gt; [select the ICC profile for the printer]. To print to a proofer with simulation of a final output device, change Normal Printing to Hard Proofing. Select the proofer profile in the Printer Profile popup and select the device to simulate in the Hard Proofing &gt; Proof Setup popup.\r\n<h2>RGB and CMYK Workflows<\/h2>\r\nApple Computer discusses different graphics workflows to use with ColorSync (www.apple.com\/colorsync). They coined the terms \u201clate-binding\u201d and \u201cearly-binding\u201d workflow, referring to the point where you \u201cbind,\u201d or commit, files to the color gamut of the printer<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">\u00a0(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-8<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n\r\nLate-binding workflow<span>\u00a0captures, edits, and submits files in RGB mode. The service provider then converts files to CMYK using a printer profile. The advantage is that it preserves images\u2019 maximum color gamut until output. This is helpful in getting the best color on different printers, and in repurposing output from print to web or CD or cross-media publication.<\/span>\r\n\r\nEarly-binding workflow <span>captures images in CMYK, either directly from the scanner or camera, or by converting in Photoshop to a CMYK standard working space profile or printer profile. Its advantage is that editing is done in the printer\u2019s profile, so that the preview more closely approximates the printed image.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_144\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-08_EarlyLateBindingWorkflow-1024x713.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"713\" class=\"wp-image-144 size-large\" style=\"border: 1px solid gray\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-8.<\/strong> Early-binding (red) and late-binding (purple) workflows differ as to the point in time when the color gamut of files is bound to that of the final output device or process. Late-binding workflow keeps documents in standard color working space, preserving the maximum color gamut until converting them to the output device profile at the time of printing. Early-binding workflow converts files to the color gamut of the output device as soon as possible after capture.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Colour Rendering Intent<\/h2>\r\nBecause various imaging devices\u2014scanners, cameras, monitors, and printers\u2014work in different ways, they may not be able to create the identical range of colors. One reason users are sometimes disappointed in color output is gamut limitations. The gamut is the range of colors reproducible by a device. A device\u2019s color gamut is recorded in its profile. RGB-type devices, such as scanners, cameras, and monitors, generally have larger color gamuts than CMYK devices, which include most printers. The main reason is that RGB devices create color with light, while CMYK devices create color with ink on paper.\r\n\r\nAs images are passed into and out of the profile connection space for \u201cmatching,\u201d they may be sent to a device with a smaller color gamut. In such cases, color management must deal with out-of-gamut colors.\r\n\r\nColor rendering attempts to find replacements for colors that cannot be printed. The ICC recognizes four standard color rendering intents: perceptual, relative colorimetric, absolute colorimetric, and saturation.\r\n\r\nAll rendering intents move out-of-gamut colors inside the gamut of the output device. Perceptual rendering scales in-gamut colors to \u201cmake room\u201d for out-of-gamut colors. This is more likely to alter colors in the original, but preserves the distinction between colors. Perceptual rendering is used for photographs, which generally contain a wide variety of colors and a variety of gradations (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-9<\/strong><\/span>, pencils photo).\r\n\r\nColorimetric rendering does not scale in-gamut colors. Thus an out-of-gamut color may be rendered to the same value as an in-gamut color, so that the two colors will no longer be distinguishable. Colorimetric rendering is used for files that contain relatively few and solid colors, such as logos or PANTONE\u00ae colors (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-9<\/strong><\/span>, Ryerson logo<span>). Absolute colorimetric rendering does not scale the white point of the file, while relative colorimetric rendering does.<\/span>\r\n\r\nSaturation rendering makes images more colorful by moving in-gamut colors to more saturated values. Saturation rendering is used mostly for business graphics, where an impact is more important than color accuracy (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-9<\/strong><\/span>, graph).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_319\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-10_RenderingExamples-1-1024x631.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"631\" class=\"wp-image-319 size-large\" \/> <b>Figure 4-9. <\/b>Color rendering intents used for various types of photos: perceptual rendering (pencils, left), colorimetric rendering (logo, upper right), and saturation rendering (business graphic, lower right).[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Making Profiles<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Camera Profile<\/h3>\r\n<span>A digital camera profile (DCP) can be used in shooting camera raw to get a closer match to an original object or scene. X-Rite\u2019s free ColorChecker Passport application takes a camera raw capture in DNG format of the MacBeth ColorChecker 24-patch target and creates a DCP profile that can be selected in Photoshop\u2019s Camera Raw plugin &gt; Camera Calibration tab. It should be noted that a DCP profile is not an ICC profile as it is more tricky and only useful for specific\u00a0applications such as fine-art photography, where accurate color matching is a must and digital images are captured in a controllable and consistent environment.\u00a0\u00a0(DNG, or Digital Negative, is Adobe\u2019s universal raw format. Proprietary formats like Nikon NEF, Canon CR2, Sony ARW, and others can be converted to DNG with Adobe\u2019s free Digital Negative Converter software.).<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Set the camera to capture camera raw.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Set exposure (ISO sensitivity, lens aperture, and shutter speed) and white balance using an 85% gray card.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Capture a 24-patch MacBeth ColorChecker target and save in DNG format by selecting this format in the camera\u2019s settings (if available) or using Adobe Digital Negative Converter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Drag-and-drop the DNG file of the ColorChecker target into the ColorChecker Passport interface, name the profile, and save.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To check the quality of the profile, open the ColorChecker target file in Photoshop, select Camera Calibration in the Camera Raw plugin, and select the profile you made. Note the difference in color (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-10<\/strong><\/span>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-09_pencils-profile-1024x669.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\" class=\"wp-image-145 size-large\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-10.<\/strong>\u00a0Photo with (right) and without (left) a digital camera profile.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Monitor Profile<\/h3>\r\nA monitor profile ensures that the on-screen display matches the color of the original file as closely as possible. Depending upon the operating system, a monitor profile may be set automatically or, if not, may be chosen in the display settings or preferences. The monitor profile should not be used as a standard working space profile because the standard profile should be one that everyone has access to. Making a monitor profile requires a color measurement instrument capable of measuring emitted color, and a compatible profiling application. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-11<\/strong><\/span> shows an X-Rite i1 Pro instrument in the process of calibrating a monitor and making an ICC profile. Before making a monitor profile you will have to choose a quantitative contrast level, known as gamma (usually 1.80 or 2.20, higher is more contrast), and white point, or grey level (usually 5000\u20136500 K, higher is bluer).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_153\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-11_i1Profiler_Monitor_IMG_0441-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"wp-image-153 size-large\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-11.<\/strong> A monitor profile being made with an X-Rite i1 Pro 2 emissive\/reflective instrument and i1 Profiler software.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Printer Profile<\/h3>\r\nMaking a printer profile requires an instrument that can read reflective color, along with a compatible application. Semi-automated and automated instruments make it easier to read the hundreds of color patches necessary to characterize a printer. Instruments like the X-Rite i1 Pro (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-12<\/strong><\/span>) scan rows of patches and require the operator to move the instrument from row to row. These instruments are referred to as <em>x<\/em>-scanning or semi-automated. Instruments like the X-Rite iSis (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-13<\/strong><\/span>) that read an entire printed target autonomously are called <em>x\/y<\/em>-scanning or fully-automated.To make a printer profile, first print a color test chart with color management turned off (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-14<\/strong><\/span>). Then read the chart with an instrument and compatible profiling application and save the profile.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_153\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"606\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-12_i1Pro2_IMG_0444-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"606\" height=\"1024\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-204 size-full\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-12<\/strong>. A printer profile is made with X-Rite i1 Pro, or hand-held, instrument.\u00a0 Using the plastic mounting base, the operator will manually move the instrument across the color patches row then move it to the next row to continue scanning the test target.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_154\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"512\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-13_i1Profiler_Printer_IMG_0442-925x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"567\" class=\"wp-image-154\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-13.<\/strong> A printer profile is made with an i1 iSis x\/y-scanning, or fully-automated, instrument. The instrument reads the set of 800 patches unattended in about 4 min.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_155\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"512\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff-1018x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"515\" class=\"wp-image-155\" \/> <strong>Figure 4-14.<\/strong> When printing a color test chart for printer profiling, be sure to turn off color management in the print driver or RIP. In this case printing to an HP color laser printer, the CMYK color has been set to \u201cDefault CMYK+,\u201d which is the largest color gamut of which the printer is capable of reproducing. Other settings emulate North American, European, and Japanese printing specifications and would not be as colorful.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\r\nThe graphic arts are notorious for being concerned with color and not dealing with it properly at the same time. Because of the number of devices and color modes that a file goes through, a system needs to be implemented to keep color accurate and consistent. ICC profiles are industry standard files for capturing color information about a file. Essentially, when done properly what you typically first preview on a computer screen, will be similar to what you achieve with the final print. In print production, we are moving from a larger (RGB) to a smaller (CMYK) color gamut. Seeing that the gamut is being limited downstream, the result is usually less pleasing color in the final print (less saturated). Often we choose to either stay in RGB for as long as possible to have more colors to play with or immediately move to CMYK to better represent the end results. Either way, ICC profiles work to mimic the images final output so that color is more predictable.","rendered":"<p>How can you get consistent color from camera to monitor to print?\u00a0Shouldn\u2019t color match by itself? The advent of desktop\u00a0publishing in the 1990s enabled users to connect various \u201cplug-and-play\u201d color peripherals, including cameras, monitors, and printers. Although standards have helped create uniform color, one device does not necessarily \u201cknow\u201d about the others or the way they\u00a0save, show, or print color.<\/p>\n<p>One standard that has helped overcome device color differences is the International Color Consortium (ICC) profile format, which characterizes devices by relating their color to a mathematical model of human vision. Colour profiling is a great solution to the quest for closely-matching color but can be a challenge to set up.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of this chapter is to help users understand the concepts behind color management. To implement a system, help will undoubtedly be required from systems and peripherals vendors.<\/p>\n<p>ICC profiles capture the color reproduction characteristics of each device using an industry-standard file format for both Windows and Macintosh computers (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-1<\/strong><\/span>). These profiles can be read by ICC-compatible photo-editing, illustration, page-layout, web-design, and web-browsing programs as well as the drivers and raster image processors (RIPs) that control printers.<\/p>\n<p>When considering workflow, keep in mind that the goals of using color management in a digital workflow are to have:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>accurate, consistent color from the original scene, photographic print, or transparency to final output (printed or displayed).<\/li>\n<li>accurate monitor previews of the original file, final output, or proof.<\/li>\n<li>proofs that simulate press sheets or production printers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_142\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-142\" style=\"width: 512px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" class=\"wp-image-142\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_RGBGamutSize-1.png 1116w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-142\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-1.<\/strong> Standard Working Spaces. These diagrams in the CIE xyY chromaticity diagram compare the color gamuts of Adobe RGB and sRGB standard RGB working spaces with those of a color scanner (could also be a digital camera) and a web offset printing press such as would be used to print magazines and catalogs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>The Source-Destination-Simulation Model<\/h2>\n<p>The above workflow objectives are facilitated by four types of ICC profiles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>source profile<\/em>\u2014This profile describes the color space in which the image was created or currently exists\u2014generally a scanner or camera profile. It could also be a standard working space profile. Ideally, all images with a scanner or camera profile should be\u00a0converted to a\u00a0standard working space, and\u00a0the standard\u00a0working space\u00a0profile should\u00a0be embedded\u00a0into files, so\u00a0users can identify it down the line. If you or your customer don\u2019t know what standard working space was used, you won\u2019t be able to get matching color.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><em>standard working space profile<\/em>\u2014A standard working space is a place to store data until you know what you want to do with it (display, proof, print, or archive it). Adobe Photoshop and other applications support several standard RGB working spaces, including (from largest to smallest) Adobe RGB, ColorMatch RGB, and\u00a0sRGB. Most content creators today use the\u00a0largest, Adobe RGB. Users with\u00a0CMYK workflows can use one of\u00a0Adobe\u2019s standard CMYK working spaces, such as\u00a0U.S. Sheetfed Coated or U.S. \u00a0Web Coated (SWOP). Of these Sheetfed Coated has the larger gamut, but SWOP is more common. SWOP (Specifications for Web Offset Publications) was the first color specification developed.<\/li>\n<li><em>destination profile<\/em>\u2014This profile describes the device or process to which the file will be output. The destination could be a color monitor (for display), an inkjet printer (for proofing), or a production printer (for final output).<\/li>\n<li><em>simulation profile<\/em>\u2014This profile describes the device or process that the image should look like when proofed. When proofed on a small inkjet printer, for example, the simulation profile would be that of the production printer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The role of the four profile types can be seen in the workflow illustrated in <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Figure 4-2<\/span><\/strong>. To follow the workflow, think of color image files as \u201con the move\u201d from a source (e.g., camera, file) to a destination (monitor, printer, proofer). Each step is represented by a profile. \u201cAssigning\u201d profiles to a file indicates what device it came from, while \u201cconverting\u201d changes the color to match on an output device.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_147\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-147\" style=\"width: 917px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_SourceDestWorkflow.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"917\" height=\"590\" class=\"wp-image-147 size-full\" style=\"border: 1px solid gray\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_SourceDestWorkflow.png 917w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_SourceDestWorkflow-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_SourceDestWorkflow-768x494.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_SourceDestWorkflow-65x42.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_SourceDestWorkflow-225x145.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-2_SourceDestWorkflow-350x225.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 917px) 100vw, 917px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-147\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-2.<\/strong> Workflow illustrating the source-destination-simulation color model. A digital camera file (A) can be converted from a digital camera profile (DCP) to a standard working space profile (represented by the CDs), then converted for output to a monitor profile for display (B), a proofer with simulation of the final output, and a printer (C).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Let\u2019s Start with the File . . .<\/h3>\n<p>To use color management effectively in a workflow, the standard file types (TIFF, JPG, PDF, EPS, etc.) you\u2019re printing should be in one of the industry-standard color working spaces, such as Adobe RGB, sRGB, or SWOP CMYK (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-3<\/strong><\/span><span>). A standard working space is an ICC profile that has been standardized and is the same for all ICC-compatible applications. It is a place to store color data until you know what you want to do with it, such as print it or display it.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_136\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-136\" style=\"width: 398px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_FXF-DB_InputProfiles.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"398\" height=\"471\" class=\"wp-image-136 size-full\" style=\"border: 1px solid gray\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_FXF-DB_InputProfiles.png 398w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_FXF-DB_InputProfiles-254x300.png 254w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_FXF-DB_InputProfiles-65x77.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_FXF-DB_InputProfiles-225x266.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_FXF-DB_InputProfiles-350x414.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-136\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-3.<\/strong> A standard working space profile is the starting point for a good color-managed workflow. This profile acts like a nametag for the file, identifying its color space for proper matching. This example shows an EFI Fiery RIP\u2019s setting for\u00a0default\u00a0input profile. This profile is assigned to images that don\u2019t have an embedded ICC profile.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>You will need to choose whether to <span>use an RGB or CMYK working space (see\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-1<\/strong><\/span>). RGB\u00a0working spaces generally provide larger color\u00a0gamuts than CMYK. They give the greatest color\u00a0<\/span><span>saturation or \u201cpop.\u201d Customers may submit files\u00a0in CMYK, though. In either case, the standard\u00a0working space profile should be embedded in the image. Embedding the profile doesn\u2019t add much to the file size, and it enables anyone who receives the file to match the color on output or display, as long as they have an accurate output profile.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>If the standard working space profile isn\u2019t embedded in the image, most workflow applications enable you to specify a default source profile (see\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Figure 4-3<\/span><\/strong>). If a customer submits a file without an embedded standard working space profile and you don\u2019t know what profile they used, it\u2019s best to contact the customer and ask. Otherwise, you\u2019ll have to choose a profile and the color may not match the customer\u2019s expectations.<\/p>\n<h3>Where Did the File Come From?<\/h3>\n<p>Photos to be printed may have been scanned, captured with a digital camera, or licensed from an image bank. Image bank photos should have an embedded standard working space profile. To properly start a color-managed workflow, scans and captures should be done with a profiled scanner or camera. If the driver supports ICC profiles, you\u2019ll be able to assign the profile to images or convert them to a standard working space upon saving. If your scanner or camera driver doesn\u2019t support ICC profiles, you can still profile the device, then assign the profile in Photoshop using the command <em>Edit &gt; Assign Profile<\/em> (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-4<\/strong><\/span>). (Assign indicates the color space where the image came from, or its source; versus Convert to, which indicates where it\u2019s going, or being output.)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_143\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-143\" style=\"width: 512px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_PS-DB_AssignProfile-1024x317.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-143\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_PS-DB_AssignProfile-1024x317.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_PS-DB_AssignProfile-300x93.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_PS-DB_AssignProfile-768x237.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_PS-DB_AssignProfile-65x20.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_PS-DB_AssignProfile-225x70.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_PS-DB_AssignProfile-350x108.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-3_PS-DB_AssignProfile.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-143\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-4.<\/strong> Photoshop&#8217;s Edit &gt; Assign profile can be\u00a0used to identify the source profile of a scanned or digitally-photographed image if the scanner or camera driver doesn\u2019t support input profiles.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>To streamline your workflow, convert all images from the scanner or camera input profile to a standard working space profile. This places all of your images in the same color space. An exception might be for fine-art photographers or anyone who handles all files in-house and wants extreme color accuracy. These users may want to avoid the slight inaccuracy of an additional color conversion by leaving images in the\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">color space of the scanner or camera profile. As long as the profile is embedded in the image, the RIP will be able to read it and use it for color matching.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Where is the File Going?<\/h3>\n<p>When printed, files will be output to a printer using an application RIP. ICC-compatible RIPs enable the selection of an output profile (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-5<\/strong><\/span>). This profile will be specific to the printer, ink, paper or media, and RIP settings (such as resolution and dot pattern). Selecting the proper printer profile ensures that your images will match the original file as closely as possible. Using a printer profile alone does not guarantee a match to the monitor, but rather to the original file.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_137\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-137\" style=\"width: 394px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-4_FXF-DB_OutputProfile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"394\" height=\"66\" class=\"wp-image-137 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-4_FXF-DB_OutputProfile.png 394w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-4_FXF-DB_OutputProfile-300x50.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-4_FXF-DB_OutputProfile-65x11.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-4_FXF-DB_OutputProfile-225x38.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-4_FXF-DB_OutputProfile-350x59.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-137\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-5.<\/strong> Software RIPs, such as EFI Fiery, used with large-format inkjet printers and computer-to-plate platesetters enable selection of an output profile that characterizes its print characteristics.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Soft Proofing<\/h2>\n<p>Before printing images, you may wish to preview them on the monitor. Soft proofing can be done in an ICC-compatible application or RIP. Most RIPs support color-managed monitors for accurate previewing. To accurately preview files on the monitor, you will need to have a calibrated monitor and monitor profile. If the RIP supports monitor profiles, it will convert color from the standard working space profile to the monitor profile. This shows that \u201cwhat you see is what\u2019s in the file\u201d (WYSIWIF). If the RIP supports soft proofing, it will convert color from the standard working space to the monitor profile, using the printer profile as a reference or \u201csimulation\u201d profile (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-6<\/strong><\/span>).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_138\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-138\" style=\"width: 395px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-5_FXF-DB_SimulationProfile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"395\" height=\"116\" class=\"wp-image-138 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-5_FXF-DB_SimulationProfile.png 395w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-5_FXF-DB_SimulationProfile-300x88.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-5_FXF-DB_SimulationProfile-65x19.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-5_FXF-DB_SimulationProfile-225x66.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-5_FXF-DB_SimulationProfile-350x103.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-138\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-6.<\/strong>\u00a0Simulation profile in EFI\u2019s Fiery RIP. The simulation profile enables an inkjet proofer to print color that looks\u00a0like it came from a lithographic press printing to GRACoL specifications. (GRACoL stands for General Requirements in Applications of Commercial Offset Lithography.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Printing with Profiles<\/h2>\n<p>If you use a digital camera, chances are you may print images using a large-format inkjet printer. These printers have become many photographers\u2019 \u201cdigital darkrooms.\u201d Inkjet printers typically work with computer based raster image processors known as software RIPs. A raster image processor (RIP) converts files from vector- and\/or bitmapped format into a device-specific bitmap that controls the imaging of inkjet ink spots, image carrier halftone dots, or other output reproduction imaging processes.<\/p>\n<p>Many RIPs used in large-format inkjet printing can be used to print individual graphics directly from files. For document production, it is more common to print to a RIP from an application.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Printing Directly from a RIP with Colour Management. <\/strong><span>When printing files by opening them in a RIP, the files should have an embedded source profile, or the profile should be identified in the RIP as the default source profile. Choose the correct output profile for the media, ink, printer, and settings (See<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong> Figures 4-3<\/strong><\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>4-5<\/strong><\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Printing from Applications with RIP Colour Management. <\/strong><span>When printing to a RIP from applications, there are three places to set color management profiles: the application, the RIP, and ICM (Windows) or ColorSync (Apple). Only one conversion should be set to avoid multiple color transformations. To print a file from an application using RIP color management, ensure that the file is in a standard working space, as would a file that is to be printed directly from the RIP. In the application, set the output profile to \u201cPrinter Manages Color,\u201d as shown in Photoshop (<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-7<\/strong><\/span><span>) as an example. This will transmit the file to the RIP with color unchanged, saving the color conversion for the RIP. Second, your RIP may create a Windows printer for each device you use. Windows printers have settings for Microsoft\u2019s Integrated Color Management (ICM). If activated, the ICM settings could cause a double color conversion. To avoid this, set Windows ICM to \u201cApplication Managed Colors\u201d or \u201cICM Disabled.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_150\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-150\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-7_PS-DB_Print_NoCMS-1024x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"613\" class=\"wp-image-150 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-7_PS-DB_Print_NoCMS-1024x613.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-7_PS-DB_Print_NoCMS-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-7_PS-DB_Print_NoCMS-768x460.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-7_PS-DB_Print_NoCMS-65x39.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-7_PS-DB_Print_NoCMS-225x135.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-7_PS-DB_Print_NoCMS-350x210.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-7_PS-DB_Print_NoCMS.jpg 1796w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-150\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-7.<\/strong> When printing to a RIP from an application, turn off color management in the application by selecting (in this example with Photoshop) \u201cPrinter Manages Colors.\u201d This passes the file unchanged to the RIP, where color conversion for accurate output matching takes place.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Printing from Applications without RIP Colour Management.<\/strong>\u00a0ICC-compatible applications can print with color matching by converting images from the standard working space profile to the printer profile. Using Photoshop as an example, in the Print dialog box, select Color Handling &gt; Photoshop Manages Colors and Printer Profile &gt; [select the ICC profile for the printer]. To print to a proofer with simulation of a final output device, change Normal Printing to Hard Proofing. Select the proofer profile in the Printer Profile popup and select the device to simulate in the Hard Proofing &gt; Proof Setup popup.<\/p>\n<h2>RGB and CMYK Workflows<\/h2>\n<p>Apple Computer discusses different graphics workflows to use with ColorSync (www.apple.com\/colorsync). They coined the terms \u201clate-binding\u201d and \u201cearly-binding\u201d workflow, referring to the point where you \u201cbind,\u201d or commit, files to the color gamut of the printer<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">\u00a0(<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-8<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">)<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Late-binding workflow<span>\u00a0captures, edits, and submits files in RGB mode. The service provider then converts files to CMYK using a printer profile. The advantage is that it preserves images\u2019 maximum color gamut until output. This is helpful in getting the best color on different printers, and in repurposing output from print to web or CD or cross-media publication.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Early-binding workflow <span>captures images in CMYK, either directly from the scanner or camera, or by converting in Photoshop to a CMYK standard working space profile or printer profile. Its advantage is that editing is done in the printer\u2019s profile, so that the preview more closely approximates the printed image.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_144\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-144\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-08_EarlyLateBindingWorkflow-1024x713.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"713\" class=\"wp-image-144 size-large\" style=\"border: 1px solid gray\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-08_EarlyLateBindingWorkflow.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-08_EarlyLateBindingWorkflow-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-08_EarlyLateBindingWorkflow-768x535.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-08_EarlyLateBindingWorkflow-65x45.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-08_EarlyLateBindingWorkflow-225x157.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-08_EarlyLateBindingWorkflow-350x244.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-144\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-8.<\/strong> Early-binding (red) and late-binding (purple) workflows differ as to the point in time when the color gamut of files is bound to that of the final output device or process. Late-binding workflow keeps documents in standard color working space, preserving the maximum color gamut until converting them to the output device profile at the time of printing. Early-binding workflow converts files to the color gamut of the output device as soon as possible after capture.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Colour Rendering Intent<\/h2>\n<p>Because various imaging devices\u2014scanners, cameras, monitors, and printers\u2014work in different ways, they may not be able to create the identical range of colors. One reason users are sometimes disappointed in color output is gamut limitations. The gamut is the range of colors reproducible by a device. A device\u2019s color gamut is recorded in its profile. RGB-type devices, such as scanners, cameras, and monitors, generally have larger color gamuts than CMYK devices, which include most printers. The main reason is that RGB devices create color with light, while CMYK devices create color with ink on paper.<\/p>\n<p>As images are passed into and out of the profile connection space for \u201cmatching,\u201d they may be sent to a device with a smaller color gamut. In such cases, color management must deal with out-of-gamut colors.<\/p>\n<p>Color rendering attempts to find replacements for colors that cannot be printed. The ICC recognizes four standard color rendering intents: perceptual, relative colorimetric, absolute colorimetric, and saturation.<\/p>\n<p>All rendering intents move out-of-gamut colors inside the gamut of the output device. Perceptual rendering scales in-gamut colors to \u201cmake room\u201d for out-of-gamut colors. This is more likely to alter colors in the original, but preserves the distinction between colors. Perceptual rendering is used for photographs, which generally contain a wide variety of colors and a variety of gradations (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-9<\/strong><\/span>, pencils photo).<\/p>\n<p>Colorimetric rendering does not scale in-gamut colors. Thus an out-of-gamut color may be rendered to the same value as an in-gamut color, so that the two colors will no longer be distinguishable. Colorimetric rendering is used for files that contain relatively few and solid colors, such as logos or PANTONE\u00ae colors (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-9<\/strong><\/span>, Ryerson logo<span>). Absolute colorimetric rendering does not scale the white point of the file, while relative colorimetric rendering does.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Saturation rendering makes images more colorful by moving in-gamut colors to more saturated values. Saturation rendering is used mostly for business graphics, where an impact is more important than color accuracy (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-9<\/strong><\/span>, graph).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_319\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-319\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-10_RenderingExamples-1-1024x631.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"631\" class=\"wp-image-319 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-10_RenderingExamples-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-10_RenderingExamples-1-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-10_RenderingExamples-1-768x473.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-10_RenderingExamples-1-65x40.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-10_RenderingExamples-1-225x139.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-10_RenderingExamples-1-350x216.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-319\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><b>Figure 4-9. <\/b>Color rendering intents used for various types of photos: perceptual rendering (pencils, left), colorimetric rendering (logo, upper right), and saturation rendering (business graphic, lower right).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Making Profiles<\/h2>\n<h3>Camera Profile<\/h3>\n<p><span>A digital camera profile (DCP) can be used in shooting camera raw to get a closer match to an original object or scene. X-Rite\u2019s free ColorChecker Passport application takes a camera raw capture in DNG format of the MacBeth ColorChecker 24-patch target and creates a DCP profile that can be selected in Photoshop\u2019s Camera Raw plugin &gt; Camera Calibration tab. It should be noted that a DCP profile is not an ICC profile as it is more tricky and only useful for specific\u00a0applications such as fine-art photography, where accurate color matching is a must and digital images are captured in a controllable and consistent environment.\u00a0\u00a0(DNG, or Digital Negative, is Adobe\u2019s universal raw format. Proprietary formats like Nikon NEF, Canon CR2, Sony ARW, and others can be converted to DNG with Adobe\u2019s free Digital Negative Converter software.).<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Set the camera to capture camera raw.<\/li>\n<li>Set exposure (ISO sensitivity, lens aperture, and shutter speed) and white balance using an 85% gray card.<\/li>\n<li>Capture a 24-patch MacBeth ColorChecker target and save in DNG format by selecting this format in the camera\u2019s settings (if available) or using Adobe Digital Negative Converter.<\/li>\n<li>Drag-and-drop the DNG file of the ColorChecker target into the ColorChecker Passport interface, name the profile, and save.<\/li>\n<li>To check the quality of the profile, open the ColorChecker target file in Photoshop, select Camera Calibration in the Camera Raw plugin, and select the profile you made. Note the difference in color (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-10<\/strong><\/span>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-145\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-09_pencils-profile-1024x669.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\" class=\"wp-image-145 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-09_pencils-profile.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-09_pencils-profile-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-09_pencils-profile-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-09_pencils-profile-65x42.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-09_pencils-profile-225x147.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-09_pencils-profile-350x229.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-10.<\/strong>\u00a0Photo with (right) and without (left) a digital camera profile.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Monitor Profile<\/h3>\n<p>A monitor profile ensures that the on-screen display matches the color of the original file as closely as possible. Depending upon the operating system, a monitor profile may be set automatically or, if not, may be chosen in the display settings or preferences. The monitor profile should not be used as a standard working space profile because the standard profile should be one that everyone has access to. Making a monitor profile requires a color measurement instrument capable of measuring emitted color, and a compatible profiling application. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-11<\/strong><\/span> shows an X-Rite i1 Pro instrument in the process of calibrating a monitor and making an ICC profile. Before making a monitor profile you will have to choose a quantitative contrast level, known as gamma (usually 1.80 or 2.20, higher is more contrast), and white point, or grey level (usually 5000\u20136500 K, higher is bluer).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_153\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-153\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-11_i1Profiler_Monitor_IMG_0441-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"wp-image-153 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-11_i1Profiler_Monitor_IMG_0441.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-11_i1Profiler_Monitor_IMG_0441-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-11_i1Profiler_Monitor_IMG_0441-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-11_i1Profiler_Monitor_IMG_0441-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-11_i1Profiler_Monitor_IMG_0441-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-11_i1Profiler_Monitor_IMG_0441-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-153\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-11.<\/strong> A monitor profile being made with an X-Rite i1 Pro 2 emissive\/reflective instrument and i1 Profiler software.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Printer Profile<\/h3>\n<p>Making a printer profile requires an instrument that can read reflective color, along with a compatible application. Semi-automated and automated instruments make it easier to read the hundreds of color patches necessary to characterize a printer. Instruments like the X-Rite i1 Pro (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-12<\/strong><\/span>) scan rows of patches and require the operator to move the instrument from row to row. These instruments are referred to as <em>x<\/em>-scanning or semi-automated. Instruments like the X-Rite iSis (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-13<\/strong><\/span>) that read an entire printed target autonomously are called <em>x\/y<\/em>-scanning or fully-automated.To make a printer profile, first print a color test chart with color management turned off (<span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>Figure 4-14<\/strong><\/span>). Then read the chart with an instrument and compatible profiling application and save the profile.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_153\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-153\" style=\"width: 606px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-12_i1Pro2_IMG_0444-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"606\" height=\"1024\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-204 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-12_i1Pro2_IMG_0444-1.jpg 606w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-12_i1Pro2_IMG_0444-1-178x300.jpg 178w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-12_i1Pro2_IMG_0444-1-65x110.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-12_i1Pro2_IMG_0444-1-225x380.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-12_i1Pro2_IMG_0444-1-350x591.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-153\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-12<\/strong>. A printer profile is made with X-Rite i1 Pro, or hand-held, instrument.\u00a0 Using the plastic mounting base, the operator will manually move the instrument across the color patches row then move it to the next row to continue scanning the test target.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_154\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-154\" style=\"width: 512px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-13_i1Profiler_Printer_IMG_0442-925x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"567\" class=\"wp-image-154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-13_i1Profiler_Printer_IMG_0442.jpg 925w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-13_i1Profiler_Printer_IMG_0442-271x300.jpg 271w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-13_i1Profiler_Printer_IMG_0442-768x850.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-13_i1Profiler_Printer_IMG_0442-65x72.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-13_i1Profiler_Printer_IMG_0442-225x249.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-13_i1Profiler_Printer_IMG_0442-350x387.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-154\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-13.<\/strong> A printer profile is made with an i1 iSis x\/y-scanning, or fully-automated, instrument. The instrument reads the set of 800 patches unattended in about 4 min.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_155\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-155\" style=\"width: 512px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff-1018x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"515\" class=\"wp-image-155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff-1018x1024.png 1018w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff-768x773.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff-225x226.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff-350x352.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2018\/02\/5-14_HP750-clrmgtoff.png 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-155\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4-14.<\/strong> When printing a color test chart for printer profiling, be sure to turn off color management in the print driver or RIP. In this case printing to an HP color laser printer, the CMYK color has been set to \u201cDefault CMYK+,\u201d which is the largest color gamut of which the printer is capable of reproducing. Other settings emulate North American, European, and Japanese printing specifications and would not be as colorful.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>The graphic arts are notorious for being concerned with color and not dealing with it properly at the same time. Because of the number of devices and color modes that a file goes through, a system needs to be implemented to keep color accurate and consistent. ICC profiles are industry standard files for capturing color information about a file. Essentially, when done properly what you typically first preview on a computer screen, will be similar to what you achieve with the final print. In print production, we are moving from a larger (RGB) to a smaller (CMYK) color gamut. Seeing that the gamut is being limited downstream, the result is usually less pleasing color in the final print (less saturated). Often we choose to either stay in RGB for as long as possible to have more colors to play with or immediately move to CMYK to better represent the end results. Either way, ICC profiles work to mimic the images final output so that color is more predictable.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-49","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/49","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/52"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/49\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":320,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/49\/revisions\/320"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/49\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=49"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=49"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/digitalphotographyforgcm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=49"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}