{"id":108,"date":"2019-07-23T16:45:36","date_gmt":"2019-07-23T16:45:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=108"},"modified":"2020-10-06T13:34:15","modified_gmt":"2020-10-06T13:34:15","slug":"numbers-for-mac","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/chapter\/numbers-for-mac\/","title":{"raw":"Numbers for Mac","rendered":"Numbers for Mac"},"content":{"raw":"[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Usage Notes\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"no\"]\r\n\r\nAt the time of testing (September 30, 2010), Numbers \u201809 lacks several features that enable accessible office document authoring, most notably: the ability to add alternative text to images and objects, the ability to indicate nature language, and programmatically determined named styles, cell naming, image and object anchoring, or change tracking features. As a result, some of the other features that might otherwise support accessibility, such as its extensive templates are not as effective. In addition, Numbers \u201809 does not include an accessibility checking feature, which is a more advanced accessibility feature.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>In later versions of Numbers, Apple added some updates to improve accessibility, including the ability to add alt text to images and graphical objects. To learn more about accessibility tips in Numbers, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/HT210563\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to create accessible spreadsheets with Numbers<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>What\u2019s an \u201cOffice Document\u201d?<\/h3>\r\nYou should use these techniques when you are using Numbers to create documents that are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Intended to be used by people <\/strong>(i.e., not computer code),<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Text-based<\/strong> (i.e., not simply images, although they may contain images),<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fully printable <\/strong>(i.e., where dynamic features are limited to automatic page numbering, table of contents, etc. and do not include audio, video, or embedded interactivity)<strong>,<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Self-contained<\/strong> (i.e., without hyperlinks to other documents, unlike web content), and<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Typical of office-style workflows <\/strong>(Reports, letters, memos, budgets, presentations, etc.).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>If you are creating forms, web pages, applications, or other dynamic and\/or interactive content, these techniques will still be useful to you, but you should also consult the <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/intro\/wcag.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>W3C-WAI Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0)<\/strong><\/a> <strong>because these are specifically designed to provide guidance for highly dynamic and\/or interactive content. <\/strong>\r\n<h3>File Formats<\/h3>\r\nThe default file format for Numbers is the native <strong>iWork format<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nIn addition, Numbers \u201809 offers many other spreadsheet processor and web format saving options. Most of these have not been checked for accessibility, but some information and\/or instructions are available for the following formats in <a href=\"#num13\">Technique 13<\/a>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>MS Excel<\/li>\r\n \t<li>TSV<\/li>\r\n \t<li>CSV<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PDF<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Document Conventions<\/h3>\r\nWe have tried to formulate these techniques so that they are useful to all authors, regardless of whether they use a mouse. However, for clarity there are several instances where mouse-only language is used. Below are the mouse-only terms and their keyboard alternatives:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>*Right-click:<\/strong> To right-click with the keyboard, select the object using the Shift+Arrow keys and then press either (1) the \u201cRight-Click\u201d key (some keyboard have this to the right of the spacebar) or Shift+F10.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Disclaimer and Testing Details:<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Following these techniques will increase the accessibility of your documents, but it does not guarantee accessibility to any specific disability groups<\/strong>. In cases where more certainty is required, it is recommended that you test the office documents with end users with disabilities, including screen reader users.\r\nThe application-specific steps and screenshots in this document were created using iWork Numbers \u201809 (ver.2.0.3 (332), Mac OS X, Sept. 2010) and Numbers 6.1 (December 2019) while producing a document in the proprietary file format. Files are also easily saved as other file formats (see <a href=\"#num13\">Technique 13<\/a>).\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"num1\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 1. Use Accessible Templates\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nAll office documents start with a template, which can be as simple as a blank standard-sized page or as complex as a nearly complete document with text, graphics and other content. For example, a \u201cMeeting Minutes\u201d template might include headings for information relevant to a business meeting, such as \u201cActions\u201d above a table with rows to denote time and columns for actions of the meeting.\r\n\r\nBecause templates provide the starting-point for so many documents, accessibility is critical. If you are unsure whether a template is accessible, you should check a sample document produced when the template is used (see <a href=\"#num12\">Technique 12<\/a>).\r\n\r\nThe default template for new documents in Numbers is a blank spreadsheet, which is accessible by virtue of being blank.\r\n<h4>To create an accessible template<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; New<\/strong> or <strong>File &gt; New from Template Chooser\u2026 <\/strong>(Shift+Apple+N)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Blank template <\/strong>or select one of the other existing template designs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A new document in your selected template style will open<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ensure that you follow the techniques in this document<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When you are finished you should also check the accessibility of the document (see <a href=\"#_Toc282436953\">Technique 12<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; Save as Template\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Export As<\/strong> box, type a name for the template. Using a descriptive template name (e.g. \u201cAccessible Memo Template\u201d) will increase the prominence of the accessibility status.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Where<\/strong> drop-down list, specify a folder in which to save your template.\r\nNote: By default, your template will be saved in the home folder in <strong>Library\/Application Sup<\/strong><strong>port\/iWork\/Numbers\/Templates\/My <\/strong><strong>Templates<\/strong> pane of the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong>. To save the template in a different location than the default, create a new folder in the <strong>Templates <\/strong>folder. The folder name is then used as a template category in the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong>.<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_1.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Export As box and save location drop-down menu.\" width=\"340\" height=\"267\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click <strong>Save <\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>To select an accessible template<\/h4>\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> Only use these steps if you have an accessible template available (e.g. that you previously saved). Otherwise, simply open a new (blank) document.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; New from Template Chooser\u2026 <\/strong>(Shift+Apple+N)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong> dialog, select <strong>My Templates<\/strong> from the left pane<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_2.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of My Templates option and template icons in Template Chooser dialog.\" width=\"274\" height=\"271\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select your accessible template and click <strong>Choose<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 2. Set Document Language\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nAt this time, it is not possible to manually indicate the natural language for specific cells or blocks of cells in Numbers \u201809. As well, it is not possible to change the natural language of the document itself from the default language. <strong>[Tested: September 29th, 2010]<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<span><strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>In later versions of Numbers, users can set the document language for a spreadsheet within a workbook. For detailed instructions, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/numbers\/tan3013d2eb5\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to format a spreadsheet for another language<\/a> in Numbers on Mac<\/span><span>.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn order for assistive technologies (e.g., screen readers) to be able to present your document accurately, it is important to indicate the natural language of the document. If a different natural language is used for a paragraph or selected text, this also needs to be clearly indicated.\r\n\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"num3\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 3. Provide Text Alternatives for Images and Graphical Objects\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nAt this time, Numbers \u201909 does not offer a mechanism which enables the user to add alternative text descriptions to images or objects. <strong>[Tested: September 28, 2010]<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>In later versions of Numbers, users can add alt text for images and graphical objects. To add alt text descriptions, follow these steps:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Click the object to select it, click the Format button in the toolbar, then click image in the inspector.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click in the Description text box, then enter your description.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor detailed instructions, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/numbers\/tan006229d77\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to add an image description<\/a> on the Numbers User Guide for Mac.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen using images or other graphical objects, such as charts and graphs, it is important to ensure that the information you intend to convey by the image is also conveyed to people who cannot see the image. This can be accomplished by adding concise alternative text to each image. If an image is too complicated to concisely describe in the alternative text alone (artwork, flowcharts, etc.), provide a short text alternative and a longer description as well.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4>Tips for writing alternative text<\/h4>\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Try to answer the question \"what information is the image conveying?\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If the image does not convey any useful information, leave the alternative text blank<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If the image contains meaningful text, ensure all of the text is replicated<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Alternative text should be fairly short, usually a sentence or less and rarely more than two sentences<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If more description is required (e.g., for a chart or graph), provide a short description in the alternative text (e.g., a summary of the trend) and more detail in the long description, see below<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Test by having others review the document with the images replaced by the alternative text<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4>Tips for writing longer descriptions<\/h4>\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Long descriptions should be used when text alternatives (see above) are insufficient to answer the question \"what information is the image conveying?\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In some situations, the information being conveyed will be how an image looks (e.g., an artwork, architectural detail, etc.). In these cases, try to describe the image without making too many of your own assumptions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>One approach is to imagine you are describing the image to a person over the phone<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ensure that you still provide concise alternative text to help readers decide if they are interested in the longer description<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAlternatively, you can include the same information conveyed by the image within the body of the document, providing the images as an alternate to the text. In that case, you do not have to provide alternate text within the image.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 4. Format Your Cells\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nAs you begin adding content, your spreadsheet will require structuring to bring meaning to the data, make it easier to navigate, and help assistive technologies read it accurately. One of the easiest ways to do this is to ensure that you properly format the cells.\r\n<h3>4.1 Named Styles<\/h3>\r\nAt this time (December 2019), Numbers does not offer named styles that can be applied to format and distinguish specific cells from the rest of your data.\r\n\r\nYou should make use of the named styles that are included with the office application (e.g., \u201cHeading\u201d, \u201cResult\u201d, etc.) before creating your own styles or using the character formatting tools directly. Named styles help your readers understand why something was formatted in a given way, which is especially helpful when there are multiple reasons for the same formatting (e.g., it is common to use italics for emphasis, Latin terms and species names).\r\n\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> While office application suites support headings in much the same way, the named styles often differ.\r\n\r\nFormatting header and result cells brings order to the spreadsheet and makes it easier for users to navigate effectively. For example, you can format header rows and columns using \u201cHeading\u201d styles to apply bolded, enlarged, and italicized text (among other characteristics). You may also want to format cells containing results of calculations to appear bold and underlined to help distinguish them from the rest of your data.\r\n<h3>4.2 Table Styles<\/h3>\r\nTable styles are useful for applying consistent formatting to tables. In Numbers, each template has one or more table style that formats various characteristics of your tables. A table style predefines the table background, the characteristics of cell borders, header rows and columns, footer rows, and the background and text attributes of cells. Table styles are useful for distinguishing different types of information in your spreadsheet.\r\n\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> While the visual characteristics may not necessarily be helpful for accessibility, identifying the header rows and columns and pre-formatting text characteristics for these columns is helpful.\r\n<h4>To apply a table style<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>In the left pane, go to the <strong>Styles <\/strong>section<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the style of table from the list\r\nNote: You can modify any attribute of the table style and your modifications will remain even if you decide to change to a different table style.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_3.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Styles section in the left pane.\" width=\"210\" height=\"302\" \/><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>4.3 Other Cell Characteristics<\/h3>\r\nEnsure your cells are formatted to properly represent your data, including number and text attributes.\r\n<h4>To format cell characteristics<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Highlight the cells that you want to format\r\nNote: to format a row or column, select the row or column indicator and follow the next steps<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select <strong>Cells inspector<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the <strong>Cell Format<\/strong> drop-down list and choose the format<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Customize the format options\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_4.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Cell Format section in Inspector dialog.\" width=\"221\" height=\"181\" \/>\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> When formatting your spreadsheet, it is best to avoid merging cells. At times, it may seem easier to present your data by merging cells, but this can make it more difficult for users of assistive technologies and people navigating your spreadsheet using the keyboard.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 5. Use Cell Addressing\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n<h3>5.1 Define Names<\/h3>\r\nAt this time (December 2019), Numbers does not provide a mechanism for applying names to specific data ranges. Rather, it advises authors that they can use existing header row and column names to address cells within a table. While this may be useful when defining formulas, it does not provide the necessary support for accessibility.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note:<\/strong> To see header names more clearly, be sure to make the following change under preferences:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to <strong>Numbers<\/strong> &gt; <strong>Preferences<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Under <strong>Cell References<\/strong>, ensure that the check box is checked off for the option \"Use header names as labels.\"\r\n<strong><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/07\/Screen-Shot-2019-12-16-at-12.41.08-PM-298x300.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates the location of the Cell References item in the Preferences menu in Numbers.\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2135 size-medium\" \/><\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nNaming the different data ranges within your spreadsheet makes it easier to navigate through the document and find specific information. By associating a meaningful name to a data range, you will be enhancing the readability of your document. These named ranges can be referenced in multiple locations of your document and within calculations and equations.\r\n\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 6. Create Accessible Charts\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nSpreadsheet applications support various types of charts, which can be used to display your spreadsheet data in meaningful ways for your audience. It is important to ensure that your chart is as accessible as possible to all members of your audience. All basic accessibility considerations that are applied to the rest of your document must also be applied to your charts and the elements within your charts. For example, use shape and color, rather than color alone, to convey information. As well, some further steps should be taken to ensure that the contents are your chart are appropriate labeled to give users reference points that will help to correctly interpret the information.\r\n<h4>To create a chart<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Charts<\/strong> or go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Chart<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the chart type<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector <\/strong>dialog, select the <strong>Chart inspector<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Format the chart type and chart colors by selecting <strong>Choose a chart type<\/strong> and <strong>Chart Colors\u2026<\/strong> options<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select <strong>Chart<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Chart<\/strong> section, select the <strong>Show Title<\/strong> and <strong>Show Legend<\/strong> check boxes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select <strong>Axis<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Axis<\/strong> section, select <strong>Choose Axis Options<\/strong> for both <strong>Value Axis (Y)<\/strong> and <strong>Category Axis (X)<\/strong>\r\nNote: It is a good idea to \u201cshow\u201d as many title and labeling elements as possible (e.g. <strong>Show Axis<\/strong>, <strong>Show Title<\/strong>, <strong>Show Categories<\/strong>, <strong>Show Series Names<\/strong>, etc.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Other Chart Considerations<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>When creating line charts, use the formatting options to create different types of dotted lines to facilitate legibility for users who are color blind<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Change the default colors to a color safe or gray-scale palette<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use the formatting options to change predefined colors, ensuring that they align with sufficient contrast requirements (see <a href=\"#num10\">Technique 10<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 7. Provide Structure for Tables\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n<h4>To add a table with headers<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Table<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select table style<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Table inspector<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Name<\/strong> box, enter a name for the table<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Headers &amp; Footer<\/strong> section, select the number of header rows and columns using the drop-down menus (Note: It is recommended to keep your tables simple by using only one header row and column).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 8. Use Other Content Structuring Features\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\nWhile cell formatting is the most common method of structuring documents, other content structuring features should be used where appropriate:\r\n<h3>8.1 Document Title<\/h3>\r\nIn case the document is ever converted into HTML, it should be given a descriptive and meaningful title.\r\n<h4>To change the title of the current document<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Document inspector<\/strong> button<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Spotlight<\/strong> section, type a descriptive name for the document in the <strong>Title <\/strong>box<strong>\r\n<\/strong><em>Note:<\/em> The <strong>Title<\/strong> defined in the properties is different than the file name. It is also unrelated to the template name, discussed above.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_5.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Title box in Document section of Inspector dialog.\" width=\"165\" height=\"309\" \/><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>8.2 Avoid \u201cFloating\u201d Elements<\/h3>\r\nAvoid \"floating\" elements (other than charts) such as floating images, objects, tables or text boxes.\r\n\r\nSimilarly, avoid placing drawing objects directly into the document (e.g., as borders, to create a diagram). Instead, create borders with page layout tools and insert complete graphical objects.\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 9. Make Content Easier to See\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n<h3>9.1 Format of Text<\/h3>\r\nWhen formatting text, especially when the text is likely to be printed, try to:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Use font sizes between 12 and 18 points for cell contents.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use fonts of normal weight, rather than bold or light weight fonts. If you do choose to use bold fonts for emphasis, use them sparingly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use standard fonts with clear spacing and easily recognized upper and lower case characters. Sans serif fonts (e.g., Arial, Verdana) may sometimes be easier to read than serif fonts (e.g., Times New Roman, Garamond).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid large amounts of text set all in caps, italic or underlined.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use normal or expanded character spacing, rather than condensed spacing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid animated or scrolling text.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>But can\u2019t users just zoom in? <\/strong>Office applications do typically include accessibility features such as the ability to magnify documents and support for high contrast modes. However, because printing is an important aspect of many workflows and changing font sizes directly will change documents details such the pagination, the layout of tables, etc., it is best practice to always format text for a reasonable degree of accessibility.\r\n<h3>9.2 Use Sufficient Contrast<\/h3>\r\nThe visual presentation of text and images of text should have a contrast ration of at least 4.5:1. To help you determine the contrast, here are some examples on a white background:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Very good contrast (Foreground=black, Background=white, Ratio=21:1)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Acceptable contrast (Foreground=#767676, Background=white, Ratio=4.54:1)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Unacceptable contrast (Foreground=#AAAAAA, Background=white, Ratio=2.32:1)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAlso, always use a single solid color for a text background rather than a pattern.\r\nIn order to determine whether the colors in your document have sufficient contrast, you can consult an online contrast checker, such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webaim.org\/resources\/contrastchecker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WebAIM: Contrast Checker<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/juicystudio.com\/services\/luminositycontrastratio.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juicy Studio: Luminosity Color Contrast Ratio Analyzer<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.joedolson.com\/color-contrast-tester.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Dolson Color Contrast Spectrum Tester<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.joedolson.com\/color-contrast-compare.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Dolson Color Contrast Comparison<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>9.3 Avoid Using Color Alone<\/h3>\r\nColor should not be used as the only visual means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element. In order to spot where color might be the only visual means of conveying information, you can create a screenshot of the document and then view it with online gray-scale converting tools, such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>GrayBit v2.0: Grayscale Conversion Contrast Accessibility Tool<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>GrayBit v2.0 is no longer available. However, multiple tools can be found online: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=convert+image+to+grayscale+online\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Search: gray-scale conversion tool<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>9.4 Avoid Relying on Sensory Characteristics<\/h3>\r\nThe instructions provided for understanding and operating content should not rely solely on sensory characteristics such as the color or shape of content elements. Here are two examples:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Do not track changes by simply changing the color of text you have edited and noting the color. Instead use the applications revision tracking feature to track changes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAt this time (December 2019), Numbers does not offer a mechanism to track changes in its documents.\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Do not distinguish between images by referring to their appearance (e.g., \u201cthe bigger one\u201d). Instead, label each image with a figure number and use that for references.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>9.5 Avoid Using Images of Text<\/h3>\r\nBefore you use an image to control the presentation of text (e.g., to ensure a certain font or color combination), consider whether you can achieve the same result by styling \u201creal text\u201d. If this is not possible, as with logos containing stylized text, make sure to provide alternative text for the image following the steps noted in <a href=\"#num3\">Technique 3<\/a>.\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"num10\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 10. Make Content Easier to Understand\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n<h3>10.1 Write Clearly<\/h3>\r\nBy taking the time to design your content in a consistent way, it will be easier to access, navigate and interpret for all users:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Whenever possible, write clearly with short sentences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Introduce acronyms and spell out abbreviations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid making the document too \u201cbusy\u201d by using lots of whitespace and by avoiding too many different colors, fonts and images.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If content is repeated on multiple pages within a document or within a set of documents (e.g., headings, footings, etc.), it should occur consistently each time it is repeated.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>10.2 Navigational Instructions<\/h3>\r\nProvide a general description of the spreadsheet contents and instructions on how to navigate the data effectively. The best way to do this is to make a cell at the beginning of the data (e.g., A1) with this information. It will be the first cell accessed by assistive technologies. If you are using this cell for a label or data, you can attach a comment note to the cell containing navigational instructions.\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"num11\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 11. Check Accessibility\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\nAt this time (December 2019), Numbers does not offer an accessibility checking mechanism to identify potential accessibility errors prior to publishing.\r\n\r\nIn order to get some indication of the accessibility of your document or template (see <a href=\"#num1\">Technique 1<\/a>), then you may consider saving the file into HTML or PDF in order to perform an accessibility check in one of those formats, as described below.\r\n<h4>To evaluate HTML accessibility<\/h4>\r\nIf you wish to check the accessibility of your document or template (see <a href=\"#num11\">Technique 1<\/a>), one option is to save it into HTML format and use one of the web accessibility checkers available online. Such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/achecker.ca\/checker\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AChecker<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/wave.webaim.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WebAIM Wave Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>To evaluate PDF accessibility<\/h4>\r\nIf you saved your document in tagged PDF format, you can use the following tools and steps to evaluate the accessibility of the PDF document:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/acrobat.adobe.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commonlook.com\/accessibility-software\/pdf-validator\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CommonLook PDF Evaluator<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.access-for-all.ch\/en\/pdf-lab\/pdf-accessibility-checker-pac.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PDF Accessibility Checker (PAC)<\/a> \u2013 a free alternative provided by \u201cAccess for all\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>To evaluate PDF accessibility in Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item:<strong> Advanced &gt; Accessibility &gt; Full Check\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the<strong> Full Check<\/strong> dialog, select all the checking option<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the <strong>Start Checking<\/strong> button<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>For detailed instructions, see our section on <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/chapter\/adobe-acrobat-11-pro-and-dc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to check accessibility using Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"num12\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 12. Use Accessibility Features when Saving\/Exporting to Other Formats\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nIn some cases, additional steps must be taken in order to ensure accessibility information is preserved when saving\/exporting to formats other than the default.\r\n<h3>Alternate formats<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Share &gt; Export\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the dialog, select the type of file format you would like to export<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Customize the export options for that file format<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click <strong>Next<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Save As<\/strong> box, enter a file name for your document<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Where <\/strong>drop-down menu, select the location you would like to save your document<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click <strong>Export <\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>PDF<\/h3>\r\nPDF documents are not always accessible. Accessible PDF documents are often called \u201cTagged PDF\u201d because they include \u201ctags\u201d that encode structural information required for accessibility. To evaluate the accessibility of your PDF document, see <a href=\"#num1\">Technique 1<\/a>.\r\n<h4>To clean up your HTML file<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Remove unnecessary styles, line breaks, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Remove unnecessary id, class, and attributes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Remove font tags<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Remove styles in the &lt;head&gt; tag<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ensure the &lt;th&gt; tags have a scope attribute<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Remove &lt;p&gt; tags nested inside &lt;th&gt; and &lt;td&gt; tags<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Check for accessibility (see <a href=\"#num12\">Technique 11<\/a>)\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> you may wish to use HTML editors or utilities to help with this process.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"num13\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 13. Consider Using Accessibility Support Applications\/Plugins\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\n<em>Disclaimer:<\/em> This list is provided for information purposes only. It is not exhaustive and inclusion of an application or plug-in on the list does not constitute a recommendation or guarantee of results.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\/support\/numbers\/?cmp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iWork Numbers Support Page<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/support.apple.com\/kb\/HT3348\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exporting a spreadsheet in Excel format<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Accessibility Help\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nIf you are interested in what features are provided to make using Numbers more accessible to users, documentation is provided in the Help system:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Help<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Enter your search terms in the <strong>Search<\/strong> box<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"References and Resources\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/numbers\/welcome\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Numbers User Guide for Mac<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Numbers Support<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/HT210563\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple: Create accessible spreadsheets with Numbers<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gawds.org\/show.php?contentid=28\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GAWDS Writing Better Alt Text<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Acknowledgments\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nThis document was produced as part of the Accessible Digital Office Document (ADOD) Project.\r\n\r\nThis project has been developed by the Inclusive Design Research Centre, OCAD University as part of an EnAbling Change Partnership project with the Government of Ontario and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/partners.png\" alt=\"Partner logos: UNESCO-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Government of Ontario and the Inclusive Design Research Centre (OCAD University)\" width=\"626\" height=\"166\" \/>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Source:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/adod.idrc.ocadu.ca\/numbers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Authoring Techniques for Accessible Office Documents: iWork Numbers '09<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/idrc.ocadu.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inclusive Design Research Centre (IDRC)<\/a> used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC-BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.","rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: right\"><button class=\"rl-collapsible-section-toggle-button\">Expand \/ Collapse All<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section \">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"true\">Usage Notes<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>At the time of testing (September 30, 2010), Numbers \u201809 lacks several features that enable accessible office document authoring, most notably: the ability to add alternative text to images and objects, the ability to indicate nature language, and programmatically determined named styles, cell naming, image and object anchoring, or change tracking features. As a result, some of the other features that might otherwise support accessibility, such as its extensive templates are not as effective. In addition, Numbers \u201809 does not include an accessibility checking feature, which is a more advanced accessibility feature.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>In later versions of Numbers, Apple added some updates to improve accessibility, including the ability to add alt text to images and graphical objects. To learn more about accessibility tips in Numbers, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/HT210563\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to create accessible spreadsheets with Numbers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>What\u2019s an \u201cOffice Document\u201d?<\/h3>\n<p>You should use these techniques when you are using Numbers to create documents that are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intended to be used by people <\/strong>(i.e., not computer code),<\/li>\n<li><strong>Text-based<\/strong> (i.e., not simply images, although they may contain images),<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fully printable <\/strong>(i.e., where dynamic features are limited to automatic page numbering, table of contents, etc. and do not include audio, video, or embedded interactivity)<strong>,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Self-contained<\/strong> (i.e., without hyperlinks to other documents, unlike web content), and<\/li>\n<li><strong>Typical of office-style workflows <\/strong>(Reports, letters, memos, budgets, presentations, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>If you are creating forms, web pages, applications, or other dynamic and\/or interactive content, these techniques will still be useful to you, but you should also consult the <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/intro\/wcag.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>W3C-WAI Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0)<\/strong><\/a> <strong>because these are specifically designed to provide guidance for highly dynamic and\/or interactive content. <\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>File Formats<\/h3>\n<p>The default file format for Numbers is the native <strong>iWork format<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, Numbers \u201809 offers many other spreadsheet processor and web format saving options. Most of these have not been checked for accessibility, but some information and\/or instructions are available for the following formats in <a href=\"#num13\">Technique 13<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MS Excel<\/li>\n<li>TSV<\/li>\n<li>CSV<\/li>\n<li>PDF<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Document Conventions<\/h3>\n<p>We have tried to formulate these techniques so that they are useful to all authors, regardless of whether they use a mouse. However, for clarity there are several instances where mouse-only language is used. Below are the mouse-only terms and their keyboard alternatives:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>*Right-click:<\/strong> To right-click with the keyboard, select the object using the Shift+Arrow keys and then press either (1) the \u201cRight-Click\u201d key (some keyboard have this to the right of the spacebar) or Shift+F10.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Disclaimer and Testing Details:<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Following these techniques will increase the accessibility of your documents, but it does not guarantee accessibility to any specific disability groups<\/strong>. In cases where more certainty is required, it is recommended that you test the office documents with end users with disabilities, including screen reader users.<br \/>\nThe application-specific steps and screenshots in this document were created using iWork Numbers \u201809 (ver.2.0.3 (332), Mac OS X, Sept. 2010) and Numbers 6.1 (December 2019) while producing a document in the proprietary file format. Files are also easily saved as other file formats (see <a href=\"#num13\">Technique 13<\/a>).\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"num1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 1. Use Accessible Templates<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>All office documents start with a template, which can be as simple as a blank standard-sized page or as complex as a nearly complete document with text, graphics and other content. For example, a \u201cMeeting Minutes\u201d template might include headings for information relevant to a business meeting, such as \u201cActions\u201d above a table with rows to denote time and columns for actions of the meeting.<\/p>\n<p>Because templates provide the starting-point for so many documents, accessibility is critical. If you are unsure whether a template is accessible, you should check a sample document produced when the template is used (see <a href=\"#num12\">Technique 12<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The default template for new documents in Numbers is a blank spreadsheet, which is accessible by virtue of being blank.<\/p>\n<h4>To create an accessible template<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; New<\/strong> or <strong>File &gt; New from Template Chooser\u2026 <\/strong>(Shift+Apple+N)<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Blank template <\/strong>or select one of the other existing template designs<\/li>\n<li>A new document in your selected template style will open<\/li>\n<li>Ensure that you follow the techniques in this document<\/li>\n<li>When you are finished you should also check the accessibility of the document (see <a href=\"#_Toc282436953\">Technique 12<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; Save as Template\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Export As<\/strong> box, type a name for the template. Using a descriptive template name (e.g. \u201cAccessible Memo Template\u201d) will increase the prominence of the accessibility status.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Where<\/strong> drop-down list, specify a folder in which to save your template.<br \/>\nNote: By default, your template will be saved in the home folder in <strong>Library\/Application Sup<\/strong><strong>port\/iWork\/Numbers\/Templates\/My <\/strong><strong>Templates<\/strong> pane of the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong>. To save the template in a different location than the default, create a new folder in the <strong>Templates <\/strong>folder. The folder name is then used as a template category in the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong>.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_1.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Export As box and save location drop-down menu.\" width=\"340\" height=\"267\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Save <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>To select an accessible template<\/h4>\n<p><em>Note:<\/em> Only use these steps if you have an accessible template available (e.g. that you previously saved). Otherwise, simply open a new (blank) document.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; New from Template Chooser\u2026 <\/strong>(Shift+Apple+N)<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong> dialog, select <strong>My Templates<\/strong> from the left pane<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_2.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of My Templates option and template icons in Template Chooser dialog.\" width=\"274\" height=\"271\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Select your accessible template and click <strong>Choose<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 2. Set Document Language<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>At this time, it is not possible to manually indicate the natural language for specific cells or blocks of cells in Numbers \u201809. As well, it is not possible to change the natural language of the document itself from the default language. <strong>[Tested: September 29th, 2010]<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><span><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>In later versions of Numbers, users can set the document language for a spreadsheet within a workbook. For detailed instructions, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/numbers\/tan3013d2eb5\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to format a spreadsheet for another language<\/a> in Numbers on Mac<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In order for assistive technologies (e.g., screen readers) to be able to present your document accurately, it is important to indicate the natural language of the document. If a different natural language is used for a paragraph or selected text, this also needs to be clearly indicated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"num3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 3. Provide Text Alternatives for Images and Graphical Objects<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>At this time, Numbers \u201909 does not offer a mechanism which enables the user to add alternative text descriptions to images or objects. <strong>[Tested: September 28, 2010]<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>In later versions of Numbers, users can add alt text for images and graphical objects. To add alt text descriptions, follow these steps:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Click the object to select it, click the Format button in the toolbar, then click image in the inspector.<\/li>\n<li>Click in the Description text box, then enter your description.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For detailed instructions, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/numbers\/tan006229d77\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to add an image description<\/a> on the Numbers User Guide for Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When using images or other graphical objects, such as charts and graphs, it is important to ensure that the information you intend to convey by the image is also conveyed to people who cannot see the image. This can be accomplished by adding concise alternative text to each image. If an image is too complicated to concisely describe in the alternative text alone (artwork, flowcharts, etc.), provide a short text alternative and a longer description as well.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4>Tips for writing alternative text<\/h4>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Try to answer the question &#8220;what information is the image conveying?&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>If the image does not convey any useful information, leave the alternative text blank<\/li>\n<li>If the image contains meaningful text, ensure all of the text is replicated<\/li>\n<li>Alternative text should be fairly short, usually a sentence or less and rarely more than two sentences<\/li>\n<li>If more description is required (e.g., for a chart or graph), provide a short description in the alternative text (e.g., a summary of the trend) and more detail in the long description, see below<\/li>\n<li>Test by having others review the document with the images replaced by the alternative text<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4>Tips for writing longer descriptions<\/h4>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Long descriptions should be used when text alternatives (see above) are insufficient to answer the question &#8220;what information is the image conveying?&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>In some situations, the information being conveyed will be how an image looks (e.g., an artwork, architectural detail, etc.). In these cases, try to describe the image without making too many of your own assumptions.<\/li>\n<li>One approach is to imagine you are describing the image to a person over the phone<\/li>\n<li>Ensure that you still provide concise alternative text to help readers decide if they are interested in the longer description<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alternatively, you can include the same information conveyed by the image within the body of the document, providing the images as an alternate to the text. In that case, you do not have to provide alternate text within the image.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 4. Format Your Cells<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>As you begin adding content, your spreadsheet will require structuring to bring meaning to the data, make it easier to navigate, and help assistive technologies read it accurately. One of the easiest ways to do this is to ensure that you properly format the cells.<\/p>\n<h3>4.1 Named Styles<\/h3>\n<p>At this time (December 2019), Numbers does not offer named styles that can be applied to format and distinguish specific cells from the rest of your data.<\/p>\n<p>You should make use of the named styles that are included with the office application (e.g., \u201cHeading\u201d, \u201cResult\u201d, etc.) before creating your own styles or using the character formatting tools directly. Named styles help your readers understand why something was formatted in a given way, which is especially helpful when there are multiple reasons for the same formatting (e.g., it is common to use italics for emphasis, Latin terms and species names).<\/p>\n<p><em>Note:<\/em> While office application suites support headings in much the same way, the named styles often differ.<\/p>\n<p>Formatting header and result cells brings order to the spreadsheet and makes it easier for users to navigate effectively. For example, you can format header rows and columns using \u201cHeading\u201d styles to apply bolded, enlarged, and italicized text (among other characteristics). You may also want to format cells containing results of calculations to appear bold and underlined to help distinguish them from the rest of your data.<\/p>\n<h3>4.2 Table Styles<\/h3>\n<p>Table styles are useful for applying consistent formatting to tables. In Numbers, each template has one or more table style that formats various characteristics of your tables. A table style predefines the table background, the characteristics of cell borders, header rows and columns, footer rows, and the background and text attributes of cells. Table styles are useful for distinguishing different types of information in your spreadsheet.<\/p>\n<p><em>Note:<\/em> While the visual characteristics may not necessarily be helpful for accessibility, identifying the header rows and columns and pre-formatting text characteristics for these columns is helpful.<\/p>\n<h4>To apply a table style<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>In the left pane, go to the <strong>Styles <\/strong>section<\/li>\n<li>Select the style of table from the list<br \/>\nNote: You can modify any attribute of the table style and your modifications will remain even if you decide to change to a different table style.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_3.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Styles section in the left pane.\" width=\"210\" height=\"302\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>4.3 Other Cell Characteristics<\/h3>\n<p>Ensure your cells are formatted to properly represent your data, including number and text attributes.<\/p>\n<h4>To format cell characteristics<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Highlight the cells that you want to format<br \/>\nNote: to format a row or column, select the row or column indicator and follow the next steps<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select <strong>Cells inspector<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Select the <strong>Cell Format<\/strong> drop-down list and choose the format<\/li>\n<li>Customize the format options<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_4.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Cell Format section in Inspector dialog.\" width=\"221\" height=\"181\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Note:<\/em> When formatting your spreadsheet, it is best to avoid merging cells. At times, it may seem easier to present your data by merging cells, but this can make it more difficult for users of assistive technologies and people navigating your spreadsheet using the keyboard.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 5. Use Cell Addressing<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<h3>5.1 Define Names<\/h3>\n<p>At this time (December 2019), Numbers does not provide a mechanism for applying names to specific data ranges. Rather, it advises authors that they can use existing header row and column names to address cells within a table. While this may be useful when defining formulas, it does not provide the necessary support for accessibility.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note:<\/strong> To see header names more clearly, be sure to make the following change under preferences:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to <strong>Numbers<\/strong> &gt; <strong>Preferences<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Under <strong>Cell References<\/strong>, ensure that the check box is checked off for the option &#8220;Use header names as labels.&#8221;<br \/>\n<strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/07\/Screen-Shot-2019-12-16-at-12.41.08-PM-298x300.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates the location of the Cell References item in the Preferences menu in Numbers.\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2135 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/07\/Screen-Shot-2019-12-16-at-12.41.08-PM-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/07\/Screen-Shot-2019-12-16-at-12.41.08-PM-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/07\/Screen-Shot-2019-12-16-at-12.41.08-PM-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/07\/Screen-Shot-2019-12-16-at-12.41.08-PM-225x226.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/07\/Screen-Shot-2019-12-16-at-12.41.08-PM-350x352.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/07\/Screen-Shot-2019-12-16-at-12.41.08-PM.png 577w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" \/><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Naming the different data ranges within your spreadsheet makes it easier to navigate through the document and find specific information. By associating a meaningful name to a data range, you will be enhancing the readability of your document. These named ranges can be referenced in multiple locations of your document and within calculations and equations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 6. Create Accessible Charts<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>Spreadsheet applications support various types of charts, which can be used to display your spreadsheet data in meaningful ways for your audience. It is important to ensure that your chart is as accessible as possible to all members of your audience. All basic accessibility considerations that are applied to the rest of your document must also be applied to your charts and the elements within your charts. For example, use shape and color, rather than color alone, to convey information. As well, some further steps should be taken to ensure that the contents are your chart are appropriate labeled to give users reference points that will help to correctly interpret the information.<\/p>\n<h4>To create a chart<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Charts<\/strong> or go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Chart<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Select the chart type<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector <\/strong>dialog, select the <strong>Chart inspector<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Format the chart type and chart colors by selecting <strong>Choose a chart type<\/strong> and <strong>Chart Colors\u2026<\/strong> options<\/li>\n<li>Select <strong>Chart<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Chart<\/strong> section, select the <strong>Show Title<\/strong> and <strong>Show Legend<\/strong> check boxes<\/li>\n<li>Select <strong>Axis<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Axis<\/strong> section, select <strong>Choose Axis Options<\/strong> for both <strong>Value Axis (Y)<\/strong> and <strong>Category Axis (X)<\/strong><br \/>\nNote: It is a good idea to \u201cshow\u201d as many title and labeling elements as possible (e.g. <strong>Show Axis<\/strong>, <strong>Show Title<\/strong>, <strong>Show Categories<\/strong>, <strong>Show Series Names<\/strong>, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Other Chart Considerations<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>When creating line charts, use the formatting options to create different types of dotted lines to facilitate legibility for users who are color blind<\/li>\n<li>Change the default colors to a color safe or gray-scale palette<\/li>\n<li>Use the formatting options to change predefined colors, ensuring that they align with sufficient contrast requirements (see <a href=\"#num10\">Technique 10<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 7. Provide Structure for Tables<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<h4>To add a table with headers<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Table<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Select table style<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Table inspector<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Name<\/strong> box, enter a name for the table<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Headers &amp; Footer<\/strong> section, select the number of header rows and columns using the drop-down menus (Note: It is recommended to keep your tables simple by using only one header row and column).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 8. Use Other Content Structuring Features<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\nWhile cell formatting is the most common method of structuring documents, other content structuring features should be used where appropriate:<\/p>\n<h3>8.1 Document Title<\/h3>\n<p>In case the document is ever converted into HTML, it should be given a descriptive and meaningful title.<\/p>\n<h4>To change the title of the current document<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Document inspector<\/strong> button<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Spotlight<\/strong> section, type a descriptive name for the document in the <strong>Title <\/strong>box<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Note:<\/em> The <strong>Title<\/strong> defined in the properties is different than the file name. It is also unrelated to the template name, discussed above.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Numbers09_5.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Title box in Document section of Inspector dialog.\" width=\"165\" height=\"309\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>8.2 Avoid \u201cFloating\u201d Elements<\/h3>\n<p>Avoid &#8220;floating&#8221; elements (other than charts) such as floating images, objects, tables or text boxes.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, avoid placing drawing objects directly into the document (e.g., as borders, to create a diagram). Instead, create borders with page layout tools and insert complete graphical objects.\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 9. Make Content Easier to See<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<h3>9.1 Format of Text<\/h3>\n<p>When formatting text, especially when the text is likely to be printed, try to:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Use font sizes between 12 and 18 points for cell contents.<\/li>\n<li>Use fonts of normal weight, rather than bold or light weight fonts. If you do choose to use bold fonts for emphasis, use them sparingly.<\/li>\n<li>Use standard fonts with clear spacing and easily recognized upper and lower case characters. Sans serif fonts (e.g., Arial, Verdana) may sometimes be easier to read than serif fonts (e.g., Times New Roman, Garamond).<\/li>\n<li>Avoid large amounts of text set all in caps, italic or underlined.<\/li>\n<li>Use normal or expanded character spacing, rather than condensed spacing.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid animated or scrolling text.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>But can\u2019t users just zoom in? <\/strong>Office applications do typically include accessibility features such as the ability to magnify documents and support for high contrast modes. However, because printing is an important aspect of many workflows and changing font sizes directly will change documents details such the pagination, the layout of tables, etc., it is best practice to always format text for a reasonable degree of accessibility.<\/p>\n<h3>9.2 Use Sufficient Contrast<\/h3>\n<p>The visual presentation of text and images of text should have a contrast ration of at least 4.5:1. To help you determine the contrast, here are some examples on a white background:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Very good contrast (Foreground=black, Background=white, Ratio=21:1)<\/li>\n<li>Acceptable contrast (Foreground=#767676, Background=white, Ratio=4.54:1)<\/li>\n<li>Unacceptable contrast (Foreground=#AAAAAA, Background=white, Ratio=2.32:1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Also, always use a single solid color for a text background rather than a pattern.<br \/>\nIn order to determine whether the colors in your document have sufficient contrast, you can consult an online contrast checker, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webaim.org\/resources\/contrastchecker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WebAIM: Contrast Checker<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/juicystudio.com\/services\/luminositycontrastratio.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juicy Studio: Luminosity Color Contrast Ratio Analyzer<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.joedolson.com\/color-contrast-tester.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Dolson Color Contrast Spectrum Tester<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.joedolson.com\/color-contrast-compare.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Dolson Color Contrast Comparison<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>9.3 Avoid Using Color Alone<\/h3>\n<p>Color should not be used as the only visual means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element. In order to spot where color might be the only visual means of conveying information, you can create a screenshot of the document and then view it with online gray-scale converting tools, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GrayBit v2.0: Grayscale Conversion Contrast Accessibility Tool<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>GrayBit v2.0 is no longer available. However, multiple tools can be found online: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=convert+image+to+grayscale+online\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Search: gray-scale conversion tool<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>9.4 Avoid Relying on Sensory Characteristics<\/h3>\n<p>The instructions provided for understanding and operating content should not rely solely on sensory characteristics such as the color or shape of content elements. Here are two examples:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Do not track changes by simply changing the color of text you have edited and noting the color. Instead use the applications revision tracking feature to track changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>At this time (December 2019), Numbers does not offer a mechanism to track changes in its documents.<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Do not distinguish between images by referring to their appearance (e.g., \u201cthe bigger one\u201d). Instead, label each image with a figure number and use that for references.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>9.5 Avoid Using Images of Text<\/h3>\n<p>Before you use an image to control the presentation of text (e.g., to ensure a certain font or color combination), consider whether you can achieve the same result by styling \u201creal text\u201d. If this is not possible, as with logos containing stylized text, make sure to provide alternative text for the image following the steps noted in <a href=\"#num3\">Technique 3<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"num10\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 10. Make Content Easier to Understand<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<h3>10.1 Write Clearly<\/h3>\n<p>By taking the time to design your content in a consistent way, it will be easier to access, navigate and interpret for all users:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Whenever possible, write clearly with short sentences.<\/li>\n<li>Introduce acronyms and spell out abbreviations.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid making the document too \u201cbusy\u201d by using lots of whitespace and by avoiding too many different colors, fonts and images.<\/li>\n<li>If content is repeated on multiple pages within a document or within a set of documents (e.g., headings, footings, etc.), it should occur consistently each time it is repeated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>10.2 Navigational Instructions<\/h3>\n<p>Provide a general description of the spreadsheet contents and instructions on how to navigate the data effectively. The best way to do this is to make a cell at the beginning of the data (e.g., A1) with this information. It will be the first cell accessed by assistive technologies. If you are using this cell for a label or data, you can attach a comment note to the cell containing navigational instructions.\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"num11\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 11. Check Accessibility<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\nAt this time (December 2019), Numbers does not offer an accessibility checking mechanism to identify potential accessibility errors prior to publishing.<\/p>\n<p>In order to get some indication of the accessibility of your document or template (see <a href=\"#num1\">Technique 1<\/a>), then you may consider saving the file into HTML or PDF in order to perform an accessibility check in one of those formats, as described below.<\/p>\n<h4>To evaluate HTML accessibility<\/h4>\n<p>If you wish to check the accessibility of your document or template (see <a href=\"#num11\">Technique 1<\/a>), one option is to save it into HTML format and use one of the web accessibility checkers available online. Such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/achecker.ca\/checker\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AChecker<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/wave.webaim.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WebAIM Wave Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>To evaluate PDF accessibility<\/h4>\n<p>If you saved your document in tagged PDF format, you can use the following tools and steps to evaluate the accessibility of the PDF document:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/acrobat.adobe.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commonlook.com\/accessibility-software\/pdf-validator\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CommonLook PDF Evaluator<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.access-for-all.ch\/en\/pdf-lab\/pdf-accessibility-checker-pac.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PDF Accessibility Checker (PAC)<\/a> \u2013 a free alternative provided by \u201cAccess for all\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>To evaluate PDF accessibility in Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item:<strong> Advanced &gt; Accessibility &gt; Full Check\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the<strong> Full Check<\/strong> dialog, select all the checking option<\/li>\n<li>Select the <strong>Start Checking<\/strong> button<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>For detailed instructions, see our section on <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/chapter\/adobe-acrobat-11-pro-and-dc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to check accessibility using Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"num12\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 12. Use Accessibility Features when Saving\/Exporting to Other Formats<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>In some cases, additional steps must be taken in order to ensure accessibility information is preserved when saving\/exporting to formats other than the default.<\/p>\n<h3>Alternate formats<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Share &gt; Export\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the dialog, select the type of file format you would like to export<\/li>\n<li>Customize the export options for that file format<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Next<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Save As<\/strong> box, enter a file name for your document<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Where <\/strong>drop-down menu, select the location you would like to save your document<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Export <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>PDF<\/h3>\n<p>PDF documents are not always accessible. Accessible PDF documents are often called \u201cTagged PDF\u201d because they include \u201ctags\u201d that encode structural information required for accessibility. To evaluate the accessibility of your PDF document, see <a href=\"#num1\">Technique 1<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4>To clean up your HTML file<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Remove unnecessary styles, line breaks, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Remove unnecessary id, class, and attributes<\/li>\n<li>Remove font tags<\/li>\n<li>Remove styles in the &lt;head&gt; tag<\/li>\n<li>Ensure the &lt;th&gt; tags have a scope attribute<\/li>\n<li>Remove &lt;p&gt; tags nested inside &lt;th&gt; and &lt;td&gt; tags<\/li>\n<li>Check for accessibility (see <a href=\"#num12\">Technique 11<\/a>)<br \/>\n<em>Note:<\/em> you may wish to use HTML editors or utilities to help with this process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"num13\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 13. Consider Using Accessibility Support Applications\/Plugins<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p><em>Disclaimer:<\/em> This list is provided for information purposes only. It is not exhaustive and inclusion of an application or plug-in on the list does not constitute a recommendation or guarantee of results.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\/support\/numbers\/?cmp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iWork Numbers Support Page<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/support.apple.com\/kb\/HT3348\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exporting a spreadsheet in Excel format<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Accessibility Help<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>If you are interested in what features are provided to make using Numbers more accessible to users, documentation is provided in the Help system:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Help<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Enter your search terms in the <strong>Search<\/strong> box<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">References and Resources<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/numbers\/welcome\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Numbers User Guide for Mac<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Numbers Support<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/HT210563\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple: Create accessible spreadsheets with Numbers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gawds.org\/show.php?contentid=28\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GAWDS Writing Better Alt Text<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Acknowledgments<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>This document was produced as part of the Accessible Digital Office Document (ADOD) Project.<\/p>\n<p>This project has been developed by the Inclusive Design Research Centre, OCAD University as part of an EnAbling Change Partnership project with the Government of Ontario and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/partners.png\" alt=\"Partner logos: UNESCO-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Government of Ontario and the Inclusive Design Research Centre (OCAD University)\" width=\"626\" height=\"166\" \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Source:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/adod.idrc.ocadu.ca\/numbers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Authoring Techniques for Accessible Office Documents: iWork Numbers &#8217;09<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/idrc.ocadu.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inclusive Design Research Centre (IDRC)<\/a> used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC-BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":100,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-108","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":54,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/100"}],"version-history":[{"count":36,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2305,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/revisions\/2305"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/54"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}