{"id":97,"date":"2019-07-23T15:29:14","date_gmt":"2019-07-23T15:29:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=97"},"modified":"2020-10-06T13:29:25","modified_gmt":"2020-10-06T13:29:25","slug":"pages-for-mac","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/chapter\/pages-for-mac\/","title":{"raw":"Pages for Mac","rendered":"Pages for Mac"},"content":{"raw":"[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Usage Notes\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"no\"]\r\n\r\nAt the time of testing (September 30, 2010), Pages \u201909 lacks several features that enable accessible office document authoring, most notably: the ability to add alternative text to image and objects. As a result, some of the other features that might otherwise support accessibility, such as its extensive templates are not as effective.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>In later versions of Pages, users have the ability to add alt text to images and graphical objects. Apple has added significant accessibility improvements to its iWork applications, but an accessibility checker is not a feature yet.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn addition, Pages does not include an accessibility checking feature.\r\n<h3>What\u2019s an \u201cOffice Document\u201d?<\/h3>\r\nYou should use these techniques when you are using Pages to create documents that are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Intended to be used by people <\/strong>(i.e., not computer code),<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Text-based<\/strong> (i.e., not simply images, although they may contain images),<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fully printable <\/strong>(i.e., where dynamic features are limited to automatic page numbering, table of contents, etc. and do not include audio, video, or embedded interactivity)<strong>,<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Self-contained<\/strong> (i.e., without hyperlinks to other documents, unlike web content), and<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Typical of office-style workflows <\/strong>(Reports, letters, memos, budgets, presentations, etc.).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>If you are creating forms, web pages, applications, or other dynamic and\/or interactive content, these techniques will still be useful to you, but you should also consult the <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/intro\/wcag.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>W3C-WAI Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0)<\/strong><\/a><strong> because these are specifically designed to provide guidance for highly dynamic and\/or interactive content. <\/strong>\r\n<h3>File Formats<\/h3>\r\nThe default file format for Pages is the native <strong>iWork format<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nIn addition, Pages offers many other word processor and web format saving options. Most of these have not been checked for accessibility, but some information and\/or instructions are available for the following formats in <a href=\"#pages-12\">Technique 12<\/a>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>MS Word<\/li>\r\n \t<li>PDF<\/li>\r\n \t<li>HTML<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Document Conventions<\/h3>\r\nWe have tried to formulate these techniques so that they are useful to all authors, regardless of whether they use a mouse. However, for clarity there are several instances where mouse-only language is used. Below are the mouse-only terms and their keyboard alternatives:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>*Right-click:<\/strong> To right-click with the keyboard, select the object using the Shift+Arrow keys and then press either (1) the \u201cRight-Click\u201d key (some keyboard have this to the right of the spacebar) or Shift+F10.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Disclaimer and Testing Details<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Following these techniques will increase the accessibility of your documents, but it does not guarantee accessibility to any specific disability groups<\/strong>. In cases where more certainty is required, it is recommended that you test the office documents with end users with disabilities, including screen reader users.\r\n\r\nThe application-specific steps and screenshots in this document were created using iWork Pages \u201909 (ver.4.0.3 (766), Mac OS X, Sept. 2010) and Pages (version 8.1) while producing a document in the native iWork file format. Files are also easily saved as other file formats (see <a href=\"#pages-12\">Technique 12<\/a>).\r\n\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"pages-1\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 1. Use Accessible Templates\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nAll office documents start with a template, which can be as simple as a blank standard-sized page or as complex as a nearly complete document with text, graphics and other content. For example, a \u201cMeeting Minutes\u201d template might include headings for information relevant to a business meeting, such as \u201cActions\u201d above a table with rows to denote time and columns for actions of the meeting.\r\n\r\nBecause templates provide the starting-point for so many documents, accessibility is critical. If you are unsure whether a template is accessible, you should check a sample document produced when the template is used (see <a href=\"#pages-11\">Technique 11<\/a>).\r\n\r\nThe default template for new documents in Pages is a blank page. The basic installation also includes blank letter templates and blank business reports. These are all accessible by virtue of being blank.\r\n\r\nIt is possible to create your own accessible templates from scratch in Pages. As well, you can edit and modify the existing prepackaged templates, ensuring their accessibility as you do so and saving them as a new template.\r\n<h4>To create an accessible template<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; New<\/strong> or <strong>File &gt; New from Template Chooser\u2026 <\/strong>(Shift+Apple+N).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Blank template <\/strong>or select one of the other existing template designs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A new document in your selected template style will open.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ensure that you follow the techniques in this document.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When you are finished you should also check the accessibility of the document (See Accessibility Checking, below).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; Save as Template\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Export As<\/strong> box, type a name for the template. Using a descriptive template name (e.g., \u201cAccessible Memo Template\u201d) will increase the prominence of the accessibility status.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Specify a folder in which to save your template. To save the template in a different location than the default, create a new folder in the <strong>Templates <\/strong>folder. The folder name is then used as a template category in the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong>.\r\nNote: By default, it will be saved in your home folder in Library\/Application Support\/iWork\/Pages\/Templates\/My Templates pane of the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong>.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_1.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Export As box and the drop-down list to specify a folder in which to save the template.\" width=\"312\" height=\"245\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click <strong>Save<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>To select an accessible template<\/h4>\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> Only use these steps if you have an accessible template available (e.g., that you previously saved). Otherwise, simply open a new (blank) document.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; New from Template Chooser\u2026 <\/strong>(Shift+Apple+N).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong> dialog, select <strong>My Templates<\/strong> from the left pane.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_2.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of template icon in the Template Chooser dialog.\" width=\"282\" height=\"279\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select your accessible template and click <strong>Choose<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 2. Specify Document Language\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nIn order for assistive technologies (e.g., screen readers) to be able to present your document accurately, it is important to indicate the natural language of the document. If a different natural language is used for a paragraph or selected text, this also needs to be clearly indicated.\r\n<h4>To apply a language directly to selected text<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Highlight the text\r\nNote: To change the language of the entire document, do a select all to select all the text in the document.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>View &gt; Show Inspector<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Text<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Text<\/strong> section, click the <strong>More<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Language<\/strong> section, select the language from the drop-down list.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_3.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Text button, More tab, and Language section in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"159\" height=\"373\" \/><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note:<\/strong> In later versions of Pages, instructions for applying language to specific text is not specified. Users can, however, change a document's formatting and language.\r\n\r\nFor detailed instructions, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/pages\/tan2a7f8e5ce\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to format a document for another language<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"pages-3\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 3. Provide Text Alternatives for Images and Graphical Objects\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nAt this time, Pages \u201909 does not offer a mechanism which enables the user to add alternative text descriptions to images or objects. <strong>[Tested: September 28, 2010]<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>In later versions of Pages, users can add alternative text descriptions for images and objects:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Click the image to select it, then, in the <strong>Format<\/strong> sidebar, click the <strong>Image<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click the <strong>Description<\/strong> text box, then enter your text.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFor more details, see the section on how to <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/pages\/tanb3bc78786\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">add an image description<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen  using images or other graphical objects, such as charts and graphs, it is important to ensure that the information you intend to convey by the image is also conveyed to people who cannot see the image. This can be accomplished by adding concise alternative text to each image. If an image is too complicated to concisely describe in the alternative text alone (artwork, flowcharts, etc.), provide a short text alternative and a longer description as well.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4>Tips for writing alternative text<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Try to answer the question \"what information is the image conveying?\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If the image does not convey any useful information, leave the alternative text blank<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If the image contains meaningful text, ensure all of the text is replicated<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Alternative text should be fairly short, usually a sentence or less and rarely more than two sentences<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If more description is required (e.g., for a chart or graph), provide a short description in the alternative text (e.g., a summary of the trend) and more detail in the long description, see below<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Test by having others review the document with the images replaced by the alternative text<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4>Tips for writing longer descriptions<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Long descriptions should be used when text alternatives (see above) are insufficient to answer the question \"what information is the image conveying?\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In some situations, the information being conveyed will be how an image looks (e.g., an artwork, architectural detail, etc.). In these cases, try to describe the image without making too many of your own assumptions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>One approach is to imagine you are describing the image to a person over the phone<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ensure that you still provide concise alternative text to help readers decide if they are interested in the longer description<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAlternatively, you can include the same information conveyed by the image within the body of the document, providing the images as an alternate to the text. In that case, you do not have to provide alternate text within the image.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"pages-4\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 4. Avoid \u201cFloating\u201d Elements\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nPages will default the position of an inserted image or object depending on the method that is used to insert it. If you use a method that requires you to simply drag-and-drop the image or object onto the document, it will automatically be positioned as \u201cfloating\u201d.\r\n\r\nA \u201cfloating\u201d object keeps its position relative to the page, while text flows around it. As content moves up or down on the page, the object stays where it was placed. To ensure that images and objects remain with the text that references it, press the Command key and then drag the image onto the document or follow the steps below.\r\n<h4>To import image as an inline object<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Place the insertion point wherever you want the image to appear.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Choose.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the image file.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click <strong>Insert.<\/strong>\r\nNote: You can always ensure your image or object is positioned with the text that references it. Select the image or object, then go to the <strong>Format<\/strong> bar and ensure that <strong>Inline<\/strong> button is selected.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note:<\/strong> For later versions of Pages, the instructions for adding an image inline is slightly different:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Click the <strong>Media<\/strong> button in the toolbar.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Choose <strong>Photos<\/strong>, then drag an image from a photo library to the page or to a media placeholder.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFor more details, see how to <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tand6205cf6d?sub=tan099a7a047\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">place objects inline with text<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"pages-5\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 5. Use Headings\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\nAny documents that are longer than a few paragraphs require structuring to make them more straightforward for readers to understand. <strong>One of the easiest ways to do this is to use \u201ctrue headings\u201d to <\/strong>create logical divisions between paragraphs. True headings are more than just bolded, enlarged, or centered text; they are structural elements that order and levels provide a meaningful sequence to users of assistive technologies.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4>Tips for headings<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Use the default headings styles provided (\"Heading \", \"Heading 2\", etc.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nest headings properly (e.g., the sub-headings of a \"Heading 1\" are \"Heading 2\", etc.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do not skip heading levels<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>To apply headings to selected text<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Highlight selected text.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to the <strong>Format Bar<\/strong> and select the <strong>Choose a paragraph style<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the style you would like to apply from the drop-down menu.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_4.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of headings drop-down menu in the Format bar.\" width=\"145\" height=\"305\" \/><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>To create new heading styles<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Highlight text and format with the characteristics you would like to apply to a new heading.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Format &gt; Create New Paragraph Style from Selection\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>New paragraph style<\/strong> dialog, enter a heading style name in the <strong>Name<\/strong> text box.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select <strong>OK.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>For later versions of Pages, after selecting text, follow these steps to create new heading styles:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>From the <strong>Format<\/strong> sidebar, click the paragraph style name at the top of the sidebar.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click the <strong>New Style<\/strong> button at the top of the <strong>Paragraph<\/strong> <strong>Styles<\/strong> menu. A new style with a placeholder name appears in the menu.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The <strong>Paragraph Styles<\/strong> menu with a callout to the <strong>New Style<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Type a name for the new style, then click outside the menu to close it.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFor more details, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/pages\/tanc48ac66bd\/8.2\/mac\/1.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to create a paragraph style<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 6. Use Named Styles\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nAs with \u201cTrue Headings\u201d (see <a href=\"#pages-5\">Technique 5<\/a>), you should attempt to make use of the named styles that are included with the office application (e.g., \u201cemphasis\u201d, \u201ccaption\u201d, etc.) before creating your own styles or using the character formatting tools directly. Named styles help your readers understand why something was formatted in a given way, which is especially helpful when there are multiple reasons for the same formatting (e.g., it is common to use italics for emphasis, Latin terms and species names).\r\n\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> While office application suites support headings in much the same way, the named styles often differ.\r\n<h4>To use default named styles<\/h4>\r\n<ul type=\"1\">\r\n \t<li>Default named styles can be applied the same way as headings (see <a href=\"#pages-5\">Technique 5)<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"pages-7\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 7. Use Built-In Document Structuring Features\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n<h3>7.1 Tables<\/h3>\r\nWhen using tables, it is important to ensure that they are clear and appropriately structured. This helps all users to better understand the information in the table and allows assistive technologies (e.g., screen readers) to provide context so that the information within the table can be conveyed in a meaningful way.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4>Tips for tables<\/h4>\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Only use tables for tabular information, not for formatting, such as to position columns.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use \u201creal tables\u201d rather than text formatted to look like tables using the TAB key or space bar. These will not be recognized by assistive technology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Keep tables simple by avoiding merged cells and dividing complex data sets into separate smaller tables, where possible.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If tables split across pages, set the header to show at the top of each page. Also set the table to break between rows instead of in the middle of rows.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Create a text summary of the essential table contents. Any abbreviations used should be explained in the summary.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Table captions or descriptions should answer the question \"what is the table's purpose and how is it organized?\" (e.g., \"A sample order form with separate columns for the item name, price and quantity\").<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Table cells should be marked as table headers when they serve as labels to help interpret the other cells in the table.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Table header cell labels should be concise and clear.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ensure the table is not \u201cfloating\u201d on the page (see<a href=\"#pages-4\"> Technique 4<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>To add a table with headings<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Position the cursor at the location in the document you would like to add the table.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Table.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>View &gt; Show Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select <strong>Table inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the <strong>Table<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Headers &amp; Footer<\/strong> section, click the <strong>Choose the number of header columns<\/strong> button or the <strong>Choose the number of header rows<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the number of header rows or columns you would like your table to have.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_5.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Table inspector, Table tab, and Headers &amp; Footer section in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"203\" height=\"146\" \/><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>7.2. Lists<\/h3>\r\nWhen you create lists, it is important to format them as \u201creal lists\u201d. Otherwise, assistive technologies will interpret your list as a series of short separate paragraphs instead of a coherent list of related items.\r\n<h4>To create an ordered or unordered list<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Place the cursor where you would like to insert the list or highlight the text of a list you already entered into your document.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, click the <strong>Inspector <\/strong>button to show the inspector window.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, click the <strong>Text inspector<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the <strong>List<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Bullets &amp; Numbering<\/strong> section, format your list style using the drop-down menus.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>In later versions of Pages, follow these instructions to create an ordered or unordered list:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Select the text you want to format.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Format<\/strong> sidebar, click the <strong>Style<\/strong> button near the top.\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> If the text is in a text box, table, or shape, first click the Text tab at the top of the sidebar, then click the <strong>Style<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click the pop-up menu next to <strong>Bullets &amp; Lists<\/strong>, then choose a list style.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFor more details, see <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tan724896ee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to format a list<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>7.3 Columns<\/h3>\r\nUse <strong>Columns<\/strong> feature for placing text in columns.\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> Because columns can be a challenge for users of some assistive technologies, consider whether a column layout is really necessary.\r\n<h3>7.4 Page Breaks<\/h3>\r\nStart a new page by inserting a page break instead of repeated hard returns.\r\n<h3>7.5 Use a Table of Contents<\/h3>\r\nCreating an index or table of contents to outline office document content can provide a means of navigating the meaningful sequence of content.\r\n\r\nThe best way to generate a table of contents is after applying the predefined heading styles, such as \"Heading 1\" as described above, to the headings that you want to include in your table of contents. After you apply these styles, you can then create a table of contents.\r\n<h4>To generate a Table of Contents<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, click <strong>Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, click the <strong>Document<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the <strong>TOC<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the checkboxes next to the paragraph styles whose text you want to appear in the table of contents.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>#\u2019s<\/strong> column, select those paragraph styles for which you want page numbers to appear.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_7.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Document button, TOC tab, and list of paragraph styles in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"166\" height=\"295\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Place the insertion point at the beginning of the line where you want the table of contents to appear\r\nNote: Table of contents created in Pages list only the content that follows it, up until the next table of contents. To create a master table of all the contents in your document, it must be the only table of contents and must be placed at the beginning of the document.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Table of Contents.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>In later versions of Pages, follow these instructions to generate a table:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>If you haven\u2019t already done so, apply paragraph styles to the text you want to appear in the table of contents.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click the <strong>View<\/strong> menu button in the toolbar, then choose <strong>Table of Contents<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click Edit at the top of the sidebar, then select the paragraph styles you want to include.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Place the insertion point where you want the table of contents to appear, then do one of the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Add a TOC for the whole document:<\/em> Click the <strong>Insert Table of Contents<\/strong> button at the bottom of the <strong>Table of Contents<\/strong> sidebar. Entries are gathered from the entire document.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Add a TOC for this section:<\/em> Choose <strong>Insert<\/strong> &gt; <strong>Table of Contents<\/strong> &gt; <strong>Section<\/strong>. Entries are gathered from only the section where you\u2019re inserting the table of contents.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Add a TOC for content up to the next TOC:<\/em> Choose <strong>Insert<\/strong> &gt;<strong> Table of Contents<\/strong> &gt; <strong>To Next Occurrence<\/strong>. Entries are gathered between this table of contents and the next table of contents.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To format the text and add leader lines, click the table of contents to select it. When the table of contents is selected, a blue line appears around it and its text is highlighted in blue.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFor more details, see how to insert a <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tan5b8c588d6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">table of contents into a word-processing document<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>To update a Table of Contents<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, click <strong>Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, click the <strong>Document<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the <strong>TOC<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click <strong>Update Now<\/strong> at the bottom of the dialog.\r\nNote: You can also automatically update by clicking any entry in the table of contents.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>7.6 Use Page Numbering<\/h3>\r\nNumbering the pages of your document helps those reading and editing your document effectively navigate and reference its content.\r\n<h4>To Insert Page Numbers<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Auto Page Numbers\u2026 <\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Insert Page Numbers<\/strong> dialog, format the page number using the available options.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select <strong>Insert.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>7.7 Document Title<\/h3>\r\nIn case the document is ever converted into HTML, it should be given a descriptive and meaningful title.\r\n<h4>To change the title of the current document<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Document inspector<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click the <strong>Info <\/strong>tab.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Title<\/strong> box, type a descriptive name for the document.<strong>\r\n<\/strong><em>Note:<\/em> The <strong>Title<\/strong> defined in the properties is different than the file name. It is also unrelated to the template name, discussed above.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_8.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Document button, Info tab, and Title box in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"171\" height=\"230\" \/><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"pages-8\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 8. Create Accessible Charts\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\nCharts can be used to make data more understandable for some audiences. However, it is important to ensure that your chart is as accessible as possible to all members of your audience. All basic accessibility considerations that are applied to the rest of your document must also be applied to your charts and the elements within your charts. For example, use shape and color, rather than color alone, to convey information. As well, some further steps should be taken to ensure that the contents are your chart are appropriate labeled to give users reference points that will help them to correctly interpret the information.\r\n<h4>To create a chart<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Chart.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select a chart type from the list.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Update the <strong>Chart Data Editor<\/strong> with the data you would like to display in the chart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Close the <strong>Chart Data Editor.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>To add titles and labels<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Select the chart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>View &gt; Show Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Chart Inspector<\/strong>, select <strong>Chart.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ensure the <strong>Show Title<\/strong> and <strong>Show Legend<\/strong> check boxes are selected.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select <strong>Axis.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Under <strong>Value Axis (Y)<\/strong> and <strong>Category Axis (X)<\/strong>, select <strong>Show Title<\/strong> and <strong>Show Value Labels<\/strong> from their respective drop-down menus.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>To change to a different predefined Chart Type<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Select the chart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>View &gt; Show Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select a chart type from the <strong>Choose a chart type<\/strong> drop-down menu.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Other Chart Considerations<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>When creating line charts, use the formatting options to create different types of dotted lines to facilitate legibility for users who are color blind.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When creating bar charts, it is helpful to apply texture instead of color to differentiate the bars.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Change the default colors to a color safe or gray-scale palette.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use the formatting options to change predefined colors, ensuring that they align with sufficient contrast requirements (see <a href=\"#pages-9\">Technique 9.2<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"pages-9\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 9. Make Content Easier to See\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n<h3>9.1 Format of Text<\/h3>\r\nWhen formatting text, especially when the text is likely to printed, try to:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Use font sizes between 12 and 18 points for body text.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use fonts of normal weight, rather than bold or light weight fonts. If you do choose to use bold fonts for emphasis, use them sparingly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use standard fonts with clear spacing and easily recognized upper and lower case characters. Sans serif fonts (e.g., Arial, Verdana) may sometimes be easier to read than serif fonts (e.g., Times New Roman, Garamond).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid large amounts of text set all in caps, italic or underlined.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use normal or expanded character spacing, rather than condensed spacing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid animated or scrolling text.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>But can\u2019t users just zoom in?<\/strong> Office applications do typically include accessibility features such as the ability to magnify documents and support for high contrast modes. However, because printing is an important aspect of many workflows and changing font sizes directly will change documents details such the pagination, the layout of tables, etc., it is best practice to always format text for a reasonable degree of accessibility.\r\n<h3>9.2 Use Sufficient Contrast<\/h3>\r\nThe visual presentation of text and images of text should have a contrast ration of at least 4.5:1. To help you determine the contrast, here are some examples on a white background:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Very good contrast (Foreground=black, Background=white, Ratio=21:1)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Acceptable contrast (Foreground=#767676, Background=white, Ratio=4.54:1)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Unacceptable contrast (Foreground=#AAAAAA, Background=white, Ratio=2.32:1)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAlso, always use a single solid color for a text background rather than a pattern.\r\nIn order to determine whether the colors in your document have sufficient contrast, you can consult an online contrast checker, such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webaim.org\/resources\/contrastchecker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WebAIM: Contrast Checker<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/juicystudio.com\/services\/luminositycontrastratio.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juicy Studio: Luminosity Color Contrast Ratio Analyzer<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.joedolson.com\/color-contrast-tester.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Dolson Color Contrast Spectrum Tester<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.joedolson.com\/color-contrast-compare.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Dolson Color Contrast Comparison<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>9.3 Avoid Using Color Alone<\/h3>\r\nColor should not be used as the only visual means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element. In order to spot where color might be the only visual means of conveying information, you can create a screenshot of the document and then view it with online gray-scale converting tools, such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>GrayBit v2.0: Grayscale Conversion Contrast Accessibility Tool<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>GrayBit v2.0 is no longer available. However, multiple tools can be found online: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=convert+image+to+grayscale+online\">Google Search: gray-scale conversion tool<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>9.4 Avoid Relying on Sensory Characteristics<\/h3>\r\nThe instructions provided for understanding and operating content should not rely solely on sensory characteristics such as the color or shape of content elements. Here are two examples:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Do not track changes by simply changing the color of text you have edited and noting the color. Instead use Pages' \u201cChange Tracking\u201d functionality to track changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do not distinguish between images by referring to their appearance (e.g., \u201cthe bigger one\u201d). Instead, label each image with a figure number and use that for references.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>9.5 Avoid Images of Text<\/h3>\r\nBefore you use an image to control the presentation of text (e.g., to ensure a certain font or color combination), consider whether you can achieve the same result by styling \u201creal text\u201d. If this is not possible, as with logos containing stylized text, make sure to provide alternative text for the image following the steps noted in <a href=\"#pages-3\">Technique 3<\/a>.\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 10. Make Content Easier to Understand\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n<h3>10.1 Write Clearly<\/h3>\r\nBy taking the time to design your content in a consistent way, it will be easier to access, navigate and interpret for all users:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n \t<li>Whenever possible, write clearly with short sentences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Introduce acronyms and spell out abbreviations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid making the document too \u201cbusy\u201d by using lots of whitespace and by avoiding too many different colors, fonts and images.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If content is repeated on multiple pages within a document or within a set of documents (e.g., headings, footings, etc.), it should occur consistently each time it is repeated.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>10.2 Provide Context for Hyperlinks<\/h3>\r\nHyperlink text in your document should be meaningful when read out of context. To be an effective navigation aid, the link text should describe the destination of the link.\r\n\r\nConsider the experience of screen reader users: Generally, screen readers generate a list of links, and screen reader users navigate this list alphabetically. Hyperlink text such as \"click here\" or \"more\" is meaningless in this context.\r\n\r\nIn order to be useful to someone using a screen reader, ensure that hyperlink text is self-describing and meaningful on its own. To make the address of hyperlink clear when printing, you may wish to include the address in brackets following the descriptive text of the hyperlink.\r\n<h4>To add hyperlinks with meaningful text<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, click Inspector.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click the <strong>Link inspector<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the <strong>Hyperlink<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the <strong>Make all hyperlinks inactive<\/strong> checkbox.\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_9.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Link inspector button, Hyperlink tab, and Make all hyperlinks inactive checkbox in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"167\" height=\"199\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Edit the hyperlink text\r\n<em>Note:<\/em> While editing the hyperlink text, you have deactivated all hyperlinks in the document. To reactive the hyperlinks, deselect the <strong>Make all hyperlinks inactive<\/strong> checkbox.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>For more details on this topic, see how to <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tand51db403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">link to a webpage, email, or page<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"pages-11\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 11. Check Accessibility\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nAt this time (December 2019), Pages does not offer a mechanism to check for potential accessibility errors in your document prior to publishing. As well, it is not currently possible to export Pages documents as HTML.\r\n\r\nIn order to get some indication of the accessibility of your document or template (see <a href=\"#pages-1\">Technique 1<\/a>), then you may consider saving the file into HTML or PDF in order to perform an accessibility check in one of those formats, as described below.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>For detailed instructions, see <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tance1161f26\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to export to Word, PDF, or another file format<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>To evaluate HTML accessibility<\/h4>\r\nSave the document into HTML format and use one of the web accessibility checkers available online, such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/achecker.ca\/checker\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AChecker<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/wave.webaim.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WebAIM Wave Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>To evaluate PDF accessibility<\/h4>\r\nIf you saved your document in tagged PDF format, you can use the following tools and steps to evaluate the accessibility of the PDF document:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/acrobat.adobe.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commonlook.com\/accessibility-software\/pdf-validator\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CommonLook PDF Evaluator<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.access-for-all.ch\/en\/pdf-lab\/pdf-accessibility-checker-pac.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PDF Accessibility Checker (PAC)<\/a> \u2013 a free alternative provided by \u201cAccess for all\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>To evaluate PDF accessibility in Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Advanced &gt; Accessibility &gt; Full Check\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Full Check<\/strong> dialog, select all the checking option.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the <strong>Start Checking<\/strong> button.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Editor's note: <\/strong>For detailed instructions, see our section on <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/chapter\/adobe-acrobat-11-pro-and-dc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to check accessibility using Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"pages-12\"><\/a>[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 12. Use Accessibility Features when Saving\/Exporting to Other Formats\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nIn some cases, additional steps must be taken in order to ensure accessibility information is preserved when exporting to formats other than the default.\r\n\r\nAt this time (December 2019), it is not possible to export Pages documents as HTML files.\r\n<h3>PDF, Word, RTF, or plain text<\/h3>\r\nPDF documents are not always accessible. Accessible PDF documents are often called \u201cTagged PDF\u201d because they include \u201ctags\u201d that encode structural information required for accessibility. To evaluate the accessibility of your PDF document, see Technique 11.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; Export.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the type of format you would like to export, click <strong>Next.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the <strong>Save A<\/strong>s box, type a name for the document.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Choose where you want to save the document.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click <strong>Export.\r\n<\/strong><em>Note:<\/em> Exporting a plain text file removes all formatting. Pages documents may not export identically in Word, due to text layout differences.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Technique 13. Consider Using Accessibility Support Applications\/Plugins\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\n<em>Disclaimer:<\/em> This list is provided for information purposes only. It is not exhaustive and inclusion of an application or plug-in on the list does not constitute a recommendation or guarantee of results.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\/support\/pages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Pages Support<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/HT210563\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple: Create accessible documents with Pages<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Accessibility Help\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nIf you are interested in what features are provided to make using Pages more accessible to users, documentation is provided in the Help system:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Help<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Enter a search term into the <strong>Search<\/strong> box<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"References and Resources\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/pages\/welcome\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pages User Guide for Mac<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gawds.org\/show.php?contentid=28\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GAWDS Writing Better Alt Text<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n[rl_collapsible_section title=\"Acknowledgments\" title-tag=\"h2\" collapsed=\"yes\"]\r\n\r\nThis document was produced as part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/adod.idrc.ocadu.ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Accessible Digital Office Document (ADOD) Project<\/a>.\r\n\r\nThis project has been developed by the Inclusive Design Research Centre, OCAD University as part of an EnAbling Change Partnership project with the Government of Ontario and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/partners.png\" alt=\"Partner logos: UNESCO-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Government of Ontario and the Inclusive Design Research Centre (OCAD University)\" width=\"626\" height=\"166\" \/>\r\n[\/rl_collapsible_section]\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Source:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/adod.idrc.ocadu.ca\/pages.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Authoring Techniques for Accessible Office Documents: iWork Pages '09<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/idrc.ocadu.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inclusive Design Research Centre (IDRC)<\/a> used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC-BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.","rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: right\"><button class=\"rl-collapsible-section-toggle-button\">Expand \/ Collapse All<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section \">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"true\">Usage Notes<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>At the time of testing (September 30, 2010), Pages \u201909 lacks several features that enable accessible office document authoring, most notably: the ability to add alternative text to image and objects. As a result, some of the other features that might otherwise support accessibility, such as its extensive templates are not as effective.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>In later versions of Pages, users have the ability to add alt text to images and graphical objects. Apple has added significant accessibility improvements to its iWork applications, but an accessibility checker is not a feature yet.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In addition, Pages does not include an accessibility checking feature.<\/p>\n<h3>What\u2019s an \u201cOffice Document\u201d?<\/h3>\n<p>You should use these techniques when you are using Pages to create documents that are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intended to be used by people <\/strong>(i.e., not computer code),<\/li>\n<li><strong>Text-based<\/strong> (i.e., not simply images, although they may contain images),<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fully printable <\/strong>(i.e., where dynamic features are limited to automatic page numbering, table of contents, etc. and do not include audio, video, or embedded interactivity)<strong>,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Self-contained<\/strong> (i.e., without hyperlinks to other documents, unlike web content), and<\/li>\n<li><strong>Typical of office-style workflows <\/strong>(Reports, letters, memos, budgets, presentations, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>If you are creating forms, web pages, applications, or other dynamic and\/or interactive content, these techniques will still be useful to you, but you should also consult the <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/intro\/wcag.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>W3C-WAI Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0)<\/strong><\/a><strong> because these are specifically designed to provide guidance for highly dynamic and\/or interactive content. <\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>File Formats<\/h3>\n<p>The default file format for Pages is the native <strong>iWork format<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, Pages offers many other word processor and web format saving options. Most of these have not been checked for accessibility, but some information and\/or instructions are available for the following formats in <a href=\"#pages-12\">Technique 12<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MS Word<\/li>\n<li>PDF<\/li>\n<li>HTML<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Document Conventions<\/h3>\n<p>We have tried to formulate these techniques so that they are useful to all authors, regardless of whether they use a mouse. However, for clarity there are several instances where mouse-only language is used. Below are the mouse-only terms and their keyboard alternatives:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>*Right-click:<\/strong> To right-click with the keyboard, select the object using the Shift+Arrow keys and then press either (1) the \u201cRight-Click\u201d key (some keyboard have this to the right of the spacebar) or Shift+F10.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Disclaimer and Testing Details<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Following these techniques will increase the accessibility of your documents, but it does not guarantee accessibility to any specific disability groups<\/strong>. In cases where more certainty is required, it is recommended that you test the office documents with end users with disabilities, including screen reader users.<\/p>\n<p>The application-specific steps and screenshots in this document were created using iWork Pages \u201909 (ver.4.0.3 (766), Mac OS X, Sept. 2010) and Pages (version 8.1) while producing a document in the native iWork file format. Files are also easily saved as other file formats (see <a href=\"#pages-12\">Technique 12<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"pages-1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 1. Use Accessible Templates<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>All office documents start with a template, which can be as simple as a blank standard-sized page or as complex as a nearly complete document with text, graphics and other content. For example, a \u201cMeeting Minutes\u201d template might include headings for information relevant to a business meeting, such as \u201cActions\u201d above a table with rows to denote time and columns for actions of the meeting.<\/p>\n<p>Because templates provide the starting-point for so many documents, accessibility is critical. If you are unsure whether a template is accessible, you should check a sample document produced when the template is used (see <a href=\"#pages-11\">Technique 11<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The default template for new documents in Pages is a blank page. The basic installation also includes blank letter templates and blank business reports. These are all accessible by virtue of being blank.<\/p>\n<p>It is possible to create your own accessible templates from scratch in Pages. As well, you can edit and modify the existing prepackaged templates, ensuring their accessibility as you do so and saving them as a new template.<\/p>\n<h4>To create an accessible template<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; New<\/strong> or <strong>File &gt; New from Template Chooser\u2026 <\/strong>(Shift+Apple+N).<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Blank template <\/strong>or select one of the other existing template designs.<\/li>\n<li>A new document in your selected template style will open.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure that you follow the techniques in this document.<\/li>\n<li>When you are finished you should also check the accessibility of the document (See Accessibility Checking, below).<\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; Save as Template\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Export As<\/strong> box, type a name for the template. Using a descriptive template name (e.g., \u201cAccessible Memo Template\u201d) will increase the prominence of the accessibility status.<\/li>\n<li>Specify a folder in which to save your template. To save the template in a different location than the default, create a new folder in the <strong>Templates <\/strong>folder. The folder name is then used as a template category in the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong>.<br \/>\nNote: By default, it will be saved in your home folder in Library\/Application Support\/iWork\/Pages\/Templates\/My Templates pane of the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_1.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Export As box and the drop-down list to specify a folder in which to save the template.\" width=\"312\" height=\"245\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Save<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>To select an accessible template<\/h4>\n<p><em>Note:<\/em> Only use these steps if you have an accessible template available (e.g., that you previously saved). Otherwise, simply open a new (blank) document.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; New from Template Chooser\u2026 <\/strong>(Shift+Apple+N).<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Template Chooser<\/strong> dialog, select <strong>My Templates<\/strong> from the left pane.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_2.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of template icon in the Template Chooser dialog.\" width=\"282\" height=\"279\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Select your accessible template and click <strong>Choose<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 2. Specify Document Language<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>In order for assistive technologies (e.g., screen readers) to be able to present your document accurately, it is important to indicate the natural language of the document. If a different natural language is used for a paragraph or selected text, this also needs to be clearly indicated.<\/p>\n<h4>To apply a language directly to selected text<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Highlight the text<br \/>\nNote: To change the language of the entire document, do a select all to select all the text in the document.<\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>View &gt; Show Inspector<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Text<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Text<\/strong> section, click the <strong>More<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Language<\/strong> section, select the language from the drop-down list.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_3.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Text button, More tab, and Language section in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"159\" height=\"373\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note:<\/strong> In later versions of Pages, instructions for applying language to specific text is not specified. Users can, however, change a document&#8217;s formatting and language.<\/p>\n<p>For detailed instructions, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/pages\/tan2a7f8e5ce\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to format a document for another language<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"pages-3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 3. Provide Text Alternatives for Images and Graphical Objects<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>At this time, Pages \u201909 does not offer a mechanism which enables the user to add alternative text descriptions to images or objects. <strong>[Tested: September 28, 2010]<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>In later versions of Pages, users can add alternative text descriptions for images and objects:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Click the image to select it, then, in the <strong>Format<\/strong> sidebar, click the <strong>Image<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\n<li>Click the <strong>Description<\/strong> text box, then enter your text.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For more details, see the section on how to <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/pages\/tanb3bc78786\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">add an image description<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When  using images or other graphical objects, such as charts and graphs, it is important to ensure that the information you intend to convey by the image is also conveyed to people who cannot see the image. This can be accomplished by adding concise alternative text to each image. If an image is too complicated to concisely describe in the alternative text alone (artwork, flowcharts, etc.), provide a short text alternative and a longer description as well.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4>Tips for writing alternative text<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Try to answer the question &#8220;what information is the image conveying?&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>If the image does not convey any useful information, leave the alternative text blank<\/li>\n<li>If the image contains meaningful text, ensure all of the text is replicated<\/li>\n<li>Alternative text should be fairly short, usually a sentence or less and rarely more than two sentences<\/li>\n<li>If more description is required (e.g., for a chart or graph), provide a short description in the alternative text (e.g., a summary of the trend) and more detail in the long description, see below<\/li>\n<li>Test by having others review the document with the images replaced by the alternative text<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4>Tips for writing longer descriptions<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Long descriptions should be used when text alternatives (see above) are insufficient to answer the question &#8220;what information is the image conveying?&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>In some situations, the information being conveyed will be how an image looks (e.g., an artwork, architectural detail, etc.). In these cases, try to describe the image without making too many of your own assumptions.<\/li>\n<li>One approach is to imagine you are describing the image to a person over the phone<\/li>\n<li>Ensure that you still provide concise alternative text to help readers decide if they are interested in the longer description<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alternatively, you can include the same information conveyed by the image within the body of the document, providing the images as an alternate to the text. In that case, you do not have to provide alternate text within the image.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"pages-4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 4. Avoid \u201cFloating\u201d Elements<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>Pages will default the position of an inserted image or object depending on the method that is used to insert it. If you use a method that requires you to simply drag-and-drop the image or object onto the document, it will automatically be positioned as \u201cfloating\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>A \u201cfloating\u201d object keeps its position relative to the page, while text flows around it. As content moves up or down on the page, the object stays where it was placed. To ensure that images and objects remain with the text that references it, press the Command key and then drag the image onto the document or follow the steps below.<\/p>\n<h4>To import image as an inline object<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Place the insertion point wherever you want the image to appear.<\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Choose.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Select the image file.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Insert.<\/strong><br \/>\nNote: You can always ensure your image or object is positioned with the text that references it. Select the image or object, then go to the <strong>Format<\/strong> bar and ensure that <strong>Inline<\/strong> button is selected.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note:<\/strong> For later versions of Pages, the instructions for adding an image inline is slightly different:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Click the <strong>Media<\/strong> button in the toolbar.<\/li>\n<li>Choose <strong>Photos<\/strong>, then drag an image from a photo library to the page or to a media placeholder.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For more details, see how to <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tand6205cf6d?sub=tan099a7a047\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">place objects inline with text<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"pages-5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 5. Use Headings<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\nAny documents that are longer than a few paragraphs require structuring to make them more straightforward for readers to understand. <strong>One of the easiest ways to do this is to use \u201ctrue headings\u201d to <\/strong>create logical divisions between paragraphs. True headings are more than just bolded, enlarged, or centered text; they are structural elements that order and levels provide a meaningful sequence to users of assistive technologies.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4>Tips for headings<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Use the default headings styles provided (&#8220;Heading &#8220;, &#8220;Heading 2&#8221;, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Nest headings properly (e.g., the sub-headings of a &#8220;Heading 1&#8221; are &#8220;Heading 2&#8221;, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Do not skip heading levels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h4>To apply headings to selected text<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Highlight selected text.<\/li>\n<li>Go to the <strong>Format Bar<\/strong> and select the <strong>Choose a paragraph style<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>Select the style you would like to apply from the drop-down menu.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_4.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of headings drop-down menu in the Format bar.\" width=\"145\" height=\"305\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>To create new heading styles<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Highlight text and format with the characteristics you would like to apply to a new heading.<\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Format &gt; Create New Paragraph Style from Selection\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>New paragraph style<\/strong> dialog, enter a heading style name in the <strong>Name<\/strong> text box.<\/li>\n<li>Select <strong>OK.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>For later versions of Pages, after selecting text, follow these steps to create new heading styles:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>From the <strong>Format<\/strong> sidebar, click the paragraph style name at the top of the sidebar.<\/li>\n<li>Click the <strong>New Style<\/strong> button at the top of the <strong>Paragraph<\/strong> <strong>Styles<\/strong> menu. A new style with a placeholder name appears in the menu.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>Paragraph Styles<\/strong> menu with a callout to the <strong>New Style<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>Type a name for the new style, then click outside the menu to close it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For more details, see <a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/pages\/tanc48ac66bd\/8.2\/mac\/1.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to create a paragraph style<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 6. Use Named Styles<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>As with \u201cTrue Headings\u201d (see <a href=\"#pages-5\">Technique 5<\/a>), you should attempt to make use of the named styles that are included with the office application (e.g., \u201cemphasis\u201d, \u201ccaption\u201d, etc.) before creating your own styles or using the character formatting tools directly. Named styles help your readers understand why something was formatted in a given way, which is especially helpful when there are multiple reasons for the same formatting (e.g., it is common to use italics for emphasis, Latin terms and species names).<\/p>\n<p><em>Note:<\/em> While office application suites support headings in much the same way, the named styles often differ.<\/p>\n<h4>To use default named styles<\/h4>\n<ul type=\"1\">\n<li>Default named styles can be applied the same way as headings (see <a href=\"#pages-5\">Technique 5)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"pages-7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 7. Use Built-In Document Structuring Features<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<h3>7.1 Tables<\/h3>\n<p>When using tables, it is important to ensure that they are clear and appropriately structured. This helps all users to better understand the information in the table and allows assistive technologies (e.g., screen readers) to provide context so that the information within the table can be conveyed in a meaningful way.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4>Tips for tables<\/h4>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Only use tables for tabular information, not for formatting, such as to position columns.<\/li>\n<li>Use \u201creal tables\u201d rather than text formatted to look like tables using the TAB key or space bar. These will not be recognized by assistive technology.<\/li>\n<li>Keep tables simple by avoiding merged cells and dividing complex data sets into separate smaller tables, where possible.<\/li>\n<li>If tables split across pages, set the header to show at the top of each page. Also set the table to break between rows instead of in the middle of rows.<\/li>\n<li>Create a text summary of the essential table contents. Any abbreviations used should be explained in the summary.<\/li>\n<li>Table captions or descriptions should answer the question &#8220;what is the table&#8217;s purpose and how is it organized?&#8221; (e.g., &#8220;A sample order form with separate columns for the item name, price and quantity&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li>Table cells should be marked as table headers when they serve as labels to help interpret the other cells in the table.<\/li>\n<li>Table header cell labels should be concise and clear.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure the table is not \u201cfloating\u201d on the page (see<a href=\"#pages-4\"> Technique 4<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h4>To add a table with headings<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Position the cursor at the location in the document you would like to add the table.<\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Table.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>View &gt; Show Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select <strong>Table inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Select the <strong>Table<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Headers &amp; Footer<\/strong> section, click the <strong>Choose the number of header columns<\/strong> button or the <strong>Choose the number of header rows<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>Select the number of header rows or columns you would like your table to have.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_5.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Table inspector, Table tab, and Headers &amp; Footer section in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"203\" height=\"146\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>7.2. Lists<\/h3>\n<p>When you create lists, it is important to format them as \u201creal lists\u201d. Otherwise, assistive technologies will interpret your list as a series of short separate paragraphs instead of a coherent list of related items.<\/p>\n<h4>To create an ordered or unordered list<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Place the cursor where you would like to insert the list or highlight the text of a list you already entered into your document.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, click the <strong>Inspector <\/strong>button to show the inspector window.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, click the <strong>Text inspector<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>Select the <strong>List<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Bullets &amp; Numbering<\/strong> section, format your list style using the drop-down menus.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>In later versions of Pages, follow these instructions to create an ordered or unordered list:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Select the text you want to format.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Format<\/strong> sidebar, click the <strong>Style<\/strong> button near the top.<br \/>\n<em>Note:<\/em> If the text is in a text box, table, or shape, first click the Text tab at the top of the sidebar, then click the <strong>Style<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>Click the pop-up menu next to <strong>Bullets &amp; Lists<\/strong>, then choose a list style.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For more details, see <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tan724896ee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to format a list<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>7.3 Columns<\/h3>\n<p>Use <strong>Columns<\/strong> feature for placing text in columns.<br \/>\n<em>Note:<\/em> Because columns can be a challenge for users of some assistive technologies, consider whether a column layout is really necessary.<\/p>\n<h3>7.4 Page Breaks<\/h3>\n<p>Start a new page by inserting a page break instead of repeated hard returns.<\/p>\n<h3>7.5 Use a Table of Contents<\/h3>\n<p>Creating an index or table of contents to outline office document content can provide a means of navigating the meaningful sequence of content.<\/p>\n<p>The best way to generate a table of contents is after applying the predefined heading styles, such as &#8220;Heading 1&#8221; as described above, to the headings that you want to include in your table of contents. After you apply these styles, you can then create a table of contents.<\/p>\n<h4>To generate a Table of Contents<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, click <strong>Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, click the <strong>Document<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>Select the <strong>TOC<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\n<li>Select the checkboxes next to the paragraph styles whose text you want to appear in the table of contents.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>#\u2019s<\/strong> column, select those paragraph styles for which you want page numbers to appear.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_7.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Document button, TOC tab, and list of paragraph styles in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"166\" height=\"295\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Place the insertion point at the beginning of the line where you want the table of contents to appear<br \/>\nNote: Table of contents created in Pages list only the content that follows it, up until the next table of contents. To create a master table of all the contents in your document, it must be the only table of contents and must be placed at the beginning of the document.<\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Table of Contents.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>In later versions of Pages, follow these instructions to generate a table:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>If you haven\u2019t already done so, apply paragraph styles to the text you want to appear in the table of contents.<\/li>\n<li>Click the <strong>View<\/strong> menu button in the toolbar, then choose <strong>Table of Contents<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Click Edit at the top of the sidebar, then select the paragraph styles you want to include.<\/li>\n<li>Place the insertion point where you want the table of contents to appear, then do one of the following:\n<ul>\n<li><em>Add a TOC for the whole document:<\/em> Click the <strong>Insert Table of Contents<\/strong> button at the bottom of the <strong>Table of Contents<\/strong> sidebar. Entries are gathered from the entire document.<\/li>\n<li><em>Add a TOC for this section:<\/em> Choose <strong>Insert<\/strong> &gt; <strong>Table of Contents<\/strong> &gt; <strong>Section<\/strong>. Entries are gathered from only the section where you\u2019re inserting the table of contents.<\/li>\n<li><em>Add a TOC for content up to the next TOC:<\/em> Choose <strong>Insert<\/strong> &gt;<strong> Table of Contents<\/strong> &gt; <strong>To Next Occurrence<\/strong>. Entries are gathered between this table of contents and the next table of contents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>To format the text and add leader lines, click the table of contents to select it. When the table of contents is selected, a blue line appears around it and its text is highlighted in blue.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For more details, see how to insert a <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tan5b8c588d6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">table of contents into a word-processing document<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4>To update a Table of Contents<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, click <strong>Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, click the <strong>Document<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>Select the <strong>TOC<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Update Now<\/strong> at the bottom of the dialog.<br \/>\nNote: You can also automatically update by clicking any entry in the table of contents.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>7.6 Use Page Numbering<\/h3>\n<p>Numbering the pages of your document helps those reading and editing your document effectively navigate and reference its content.<\/p>\n<h4>To Insert Page Numbers<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Auto Page Numbers\u2026 <\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Insert Page Numbers<\/strong> dialog, format the page number using the available options.<\/li>\n<li>Select <strong>Insert.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>7.7 Document Title<\/h3>\n<p>In case the document is ever converted into HTML, it should be given a descriptive and meaningful title.<\/p>\n<h4>To change the title of the current document<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, select <strong>Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Inspector<\/strong> dialog, select the <strong>Document inspector<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>Click the <strong>Info <\/strong>tab.<\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Title<\/strong> box, type a descriptive name for the document.<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Note:<\/em> The <strong>Title<\/strong> defined in the properties is different than the file name. It is also unrelated to the template name, discussed above.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_8.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Document button, Info tab, and Title box in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"171\" height=\"230\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"pages-8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 8. Create Accessible Charts<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\nCharts can be used to make data more understandable for some audiences. However, it is important to ensure that your chart is as accessible as possible to all members of your audience. All basic accessibility considerations that are applied to the rest of your document must also be applied to your charts and the elements within your charts. For example, use shape and color, rather than color alone, to convey information. As well, some further steps should be taken to ensure that the contents are your chart are appropriate labeled to give users reference points that will help them to correctly interpret the information.<\/p>\n<h4>To create a chart<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Insert &gt; Chart.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Select a chart type from the list.<\/li>\n<li>Update the <strong>Chart Data Editor<\/strong> with the data you would like to display in the chart.<\/li>\n<li>Close the <strong>Chart Data Editor.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>To add titles and labels<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Select the chart.<\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>View &gt; Show Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Chart Inspector<\/strong>, select <strong>Chart.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Ensure the <strong>Show Title<\/strong> and <strong>Show Legend<\/strong> check boxes are selected.<\/li>\n<li>Select <strong>Axis.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Under <strong>Value Axis (Y)<\/strong> and <strong>Category Axis (X)<\/strong>, select <strong>Show Title<\/strong> and <strong>Show Value Labels<\/strong> from their respective drop-down menus.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>To change to a different predefined Chart Type<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Select the chart.<\/li>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>View &gt; Show Inspector.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Select a chart type from the <strong>Choose a chart type<\/strong> drop-down menu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Other Chart Considerations<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>When creating line charts, use the formatting options to create different types of dotted lines to facilitate legibility for users who are color blind.<\/li>\n<li>When creating bar charts, it is helpful to apply texture instead of color to differentiate the bars.<\/li>\n<li>Change the default colors to a color safe or gray-scale palette.<\/li>\n<li>Use the formatting options to change predefined colors, ensuring that they align with sufficient contrast requirements (see <a href=\"#pages-9\">Technique 9.2<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"pages-9\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 9. Make Content Easier to See<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<h3>9.1 Format of Text<\/h3>\n<p>When formatting text, especially when the text is likely to printed, try to:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Use font sizes between 12 and 18 points for body text.<\/li>\n<li>Use fonts of normal weight, rather than bold or light weight fonts. If you do choose to use bold fonts for emphasis, use them sparingly.<\/li>\n<li>Use standard fonts with clear spacing and easily recognized upper and lower case characters. Sans serif fonts (e.g., Arial, Verdana) may sometimes be easier to read than serif fonts (e.g., Times New Roman, Garamond).<\/li>\n<li>Avoid large amounts of text set all in caps, italic or underlined.<\/li>\n<li>Use normal or expanded character spacing, rather than condensed spacing.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid animated or scrolling text.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>But can\u2019t users just zoom in?<\/strong> Office applications do typically include accessibility features such as the ability to magnify documents and support for high contrast modes. However, because printing is an important aspect of many workflows and changing font sizes directly will change documents details such the pagination, the layout of tables, etc., it is best practice to always format text for a reasonable degree of accessibility.<\/p>\n<h3>9.2 Use Sufficient Contrast<\/h3>\n<p>The visual presentation of text and images of text should have a contrast ration of at least 4.5:1. To help you determine the contrast, here are some examples on a white background:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Very good contrast (Foreground=black, Background=white, Ratio=21:1)<\/li>\n<li>Acceptable contrast (Foreground=#767676, Background=white, Ratio=4.54:1)<\/li>\n<li>Unacceptable contrast (Foreground=#AAAAAA, Background=white, Ratio=2.32:1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Also, always use a single solid color for a text background rather than a pattern.<br \/>\nIn order to determine whether the colors in your document have sufficient contrast, you can consult an online contrast checker, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webaim.org\/resources\/contrastchecker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WebAIM: Contrast Checker<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/juicystudio.com\/services\/luminositycontrastratio.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juicy Studio: Luminosity Color Contrast Ratio Analyzer<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.joedolson.com\/color-contrast-tester.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Dolson Color Contrast Spectrum Tester<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.joedolson.com\/color-contrast-compare.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Dolson Color Contrast Comparison<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>9.3 Avoid Using Color Alone<\/h3>\n<p>Color should not be used as the only visual means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element. In order to spot where color might be the only visual means of conveying information, you can create a screenshot of the document and then view it with online gray-scale converting tools, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GrayBit v2.0: Grayscale Conversion Contrast Accessibility Tool<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>GrayBit v2.0 is no longer available. However, multiple tools can be found online: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=convert+image+to+grayscale+online\">Google Search: gray-scale conversion tool<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>9.4 Avoid Relying on Sensory Characteristics<\/h3>\n<p>The instructions provided for understanding and operating content should not rely solely on sensory characteristics such as the color or shape of content elements. Here are two examples:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Do not track changes by simply changing the color of text you have edited and noting the color. Instead use Pages&#8217; \u201cChange Tracking\u201d functionality to track changes.<\/li>\n<li>Do not distinguish between images by referring to their appearance (e.g., \u201cthe bigger one\u201d). Instead, label each image with a figure number and use that for references.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>9.5 Avoid Images of Text<\/h3>\n<p>Before you use an image to control the presentation of text (e.g., to ensure a certain font or color combination), consider whether you can achieve the same result by styling \u201creal text\u201d. If this is not possible, as with logos containing stylized text, make sure to provide alternative text for the image following the steps noted in <a href=\"#pages-3\">Technique 3<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 10. Make Content Easier to Understand<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<h3>10.1 Write Clearly<\/h3>\n<p>By taking the time to design your content in a consistent way, it will be easier to access, navigate and interpret for all users:<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>Whenever possible, write clearly with short sentences.<\/li>\n<li>Introduce acronyms and spell out abbreviations.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid making the document too \u201cbusy\u201d by using lots of whitespace and by avoiding too many different colors, fonts and images.<\/li>\n<li>If content is repeated on multiple pages within a document or within a set of documents (e.g., headings, footings, etc.), it should occur consistently each time it is repeated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>10.2 Provide Context for Hyperlinks<\/h3>\n<p>Hyperlink text in your document should be meaningful when read out of context. To be an effective navigation aid, the link text should describe the destination of the link.<\/p>\n<p>Consider the experience of screen reader users: Generally, screen readers generate a list of links, and screen reader users navigate this list alphabetically. Hyperlink text such as &#8220;click here&#8221; or &#8220;more&#8221; is meaningless in this context.<\/p>\n<p>In order to be useful to someone using a screen reader, ensure that hyperlink text is self-describing and meaningful on its own. To make the address of hyperlink clear when printing, you may wish to include the address in brackets following the descriptive text of the hyperlink.<\/p>\n<h4>To add hyperlinks with meaningful text<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>In the <strong>Toolbar<\/strong>, click Inspector.<\/li>\n<li>Click the <strong>Link inspector<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<li>Select the <strong>Hyperlink<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\n<li>Select the <strong>Make all hyperlinks inactive<\/strong> checkbox.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/Pages09_9.png\" alt=\"Image demonstrates location of Link inspector button, Hyperlink tab, and Make all hyperlinks inactive checkbox in the Inspector dialog.\" width=\"167\" height=\"199\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Edit the hyperlink text<br \/>\n<em>Note:<\/em> While editing the hyperlink text, you have deactivated all hyperlinks in the document. To reactive the hyperlinks, deselect the <strong>Make all hyperlinks inactive<\/strong> checkbox.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>For more details on this topic, see how to <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tand51db403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">link to a webpage, email, or page<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"pages-11\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 11. Check Accessibility<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>At this time (December 2019), Pages does not offer a mechanism to check for potential accessibility errors in your document prior to publishing. As well, it is not currently possible to export Pages documents as HTML.<\/p>\n<p>In order to get some indication of the accessibility of your document or template (see <a href=\"#pages-1\">Technique 1<\/a>), then you may consider saving the file into HTML or PDF in order to perform an accessibility check in one of those formats, as described below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>For detailed instructions, see <a href=\"https:\/\/help.apple.com\/pages\/mac\/8.1\/#\/tance1161f26\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to export to Word, PDF, or another file format<\/a> in the Pages User Guide for Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4>To evaluate HTML accessibility<\/h4>\n<p>Save the document into HTML format and use one of the web accessibility checkers available online, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/achecker.ca\/checker\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AChecker<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/wave.webaim.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WebAIM Wave Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>To evaluate PDF accessibility<\/h4>\n<p>If you saved your document in tagged PDF format, you can use the following tools and steps to evaluate the accessibility of the PDF document:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/acrobat.adobe.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commonlook.com\/accessibility-software\/pdf-validator\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CommonLook PDF Evaluator<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.access-for-all.ch\/en\/pdf-lab\/pdf-accessibility-checker-pac.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PDF Accessibility Checker (PAC)<\/a> \u2013 a free alternative provided by \u201cAccess for all\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>To evaluate PDF accessibility in Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Advanced &gt; Accessibility &gt; Full Check\u2026<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Full Check<\/strong> dialog, select all the checking option.<\/li>\n<li>Select the <strong>Start Checking<\/strong> button.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/strong>For detailed instructions, see our section on <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/chapter\/adobe-acrobat-11-pro-and-dc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">how to check accessibility using Adobe Acrobat Professional<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a id=\"pages-12\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 12. Use Accessibility Features when Saving\/Exporting to Other Formats<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>In some cases, additional steps must be taken in order to ensure accessibility information is preserved when exporting to formats other than the default.<\/p>\n<p>At this time (December 2019), it is not possible to export Pages documents as HTML files.<\/p>\n<h3>PDF, Word, RTF, or plain text<\/h3>\n<p>PDF documents are not always accessible. Accessible PDF documents are often called \u201cTagged PDF\u201d because they include \u201ctags\u201d that encode structural information required for accessibility. To evaluate the accessibility of your PDF document, see Technique 11.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>File &gt; Export.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Select the type of format you would like to export, click <strong>Next.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In the <strong>Save A<\/strong>s box, type a name for the document.<\/li>\n<li>Choose where you want to save the document.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Export.<br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Note:<\/em> Exporting a plain text file removes all formatting. Pages documents may not export identically in Word, due to text layout differences.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Technique 13. Consider Using Accessibility Support Applications\/Plugins<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p><em>Disclaimer:<\/em> This list is provided for information purposes only. It is not exhaustive and inclusion of an application or plug-in on the list does not constitute a recommendation or guarantee of results.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\/support\/pages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Pages Support<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/HT210563\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple: Create accessible documents with Pages<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Accessibility Help<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>If you are interested in what features are provided to make using Pages more accessible to users, documentation is provided in the Help system:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to menu item: <strong>Help<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Enter a search term into the <strong>Search<\/strong> box<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">References and Resources<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/guide\/pages\/welcome\/mac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pages User Guide for Mac<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gawds.org\/show.php?contentid=28\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GAWDS Writing Better Alt Text<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section rl-collapsed\">\n<h2 class=\"rl-collapsible-section-title\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\">Acknowledgments<span class=\"rl-collapsible-section-button-indicator\"><\/span><\/button><\/h2>\n<div class=\"rl-collapsible-section-content\">\n<p>This document was produced as part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/adod.idrc.ocadu.ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Accessible Digital Office Document (ADOD) Project<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This project has been developed by the Inclusive Design Research Centre, OCAD University as part of an EnAbling Change Partnership project with the Government of Ontario and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/docs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2019\/08\/partners.png\" alt=\"Partner logos: UNESCO-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Government of Ontario and the Inclusive Design Research Centre (OCAD University)\" width=\"626\" height=\"166\" \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Source:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/adod.idrc.ocadu.ca\/pages.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Authoring Techniques for Accessible Office Documents: iWork Pages &#8217;09<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/idrc.ocadu.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inclusive Design Research Centre (IDRC)<\/a> used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC-BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":100,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-97","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":23,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/97","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/100"}],"version-history":[{"count":57,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/97\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2299,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/97\/revisions\/2299"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/23"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/97\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=97"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=97"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=97"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/docs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=97"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}