{"id":129,"date":"2022-04-08T23:38:33","date_gmt":"2022-04-09T03:38:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/?post_type=front-matter&#038;p=129"},"modified":"2023-03-04T18:24:30","modified_gmt":"2023-03-04T23:24:30","slug":"wampum-belts","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/front-matter\/wampum-belts\/","title":{"raw":"Wampum Belts","rendered":"Wampum Belts"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>Wampum Belts<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Wampum is derived from the Algonquian word \u201cWampumpeague\u201d, meaning a \u201cstring of white shell beads\u201d. These beads were also used as currency during the fur trade in Dutch and English colonies until the 1660\u2019s.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wampums are visual memory keepers, recording history and communicating ideas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Beaded patterns represent a person, nation, event, invitation, shared values, and understandings\/agreements between two or more parties.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Traditional wampum belts were used as covenants and petitions for understanding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Haudenosaunee used wampum belts of varying sizes for diplomatic meetings (treaties) with Europeans and other First Nations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>From the early 17th Century until the early 19th Century, Wampum belts were used to record and legitimize formal or international agreements (treaties) between nations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Some Wampum belts have been kept and preserved for the significant value they possess, such as oral agreements (treaties) made between nations concerning shared land and territory.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To preserve the value of oral agreements (treaties) translated through Wampum belts, agreements were occasionally announced publicly to community members.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wampum belts were used to identify the significance of treaties between nations to share the territory for hunting or agriculture, passed on by knowledge keepers from generation to generation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Dish with One Spoon<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-130\" \/><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"431\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-132\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-131\" \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Photos by: Kimberly Boissiere<\/em>\r\n\r\n<strong>The Two Row Wampum Treaty Belt<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"431\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-133\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"642\" height=\"428\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-134\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"427\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-135\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"425\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-136\" \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Photos by: Kimberly Boissiere<\/em>\r\n\r\n<strong>The Six Nations &amp; George Washington Belt<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"632\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-137\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"423\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-138\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"632\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-139\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"633\" height=\"422\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-140\" \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Photos by: Kimberly Boissiere<\/em>","rendered":"<p><strong>Wampum Belts<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wampum is derived from the Algonquian word \u201cWampumpeague\u201d, meaning a \u201cstring of white shell beads\u201d. These beads were also used as currency during the fur trade in Dutch and English colonies until the 1660\u2019s.<\/li>\n<li>Wampums are visual memory keepers, recording history and communicating ideas.<\/li>\n<li>Beaded patterns represent a person, nation, event, invitation, shared values, and understandings\/agreements between two or more parties.<\/li>\n<li>Traditional wampum belts were used as covenants and petitions for understanding.<\/li>\n<li>The Haudenosaunee used wampum belts of varying sizes for diplomatic meetings (treaties) with Europeans and other First Nations.<\/li>\n<li>From the early 17th Century until the early 19th Century, Wampum belts were used to record and legitimize formal or international agreements (treaties) between nations.<\/li>\n<li>Some Wampum belts have been kept and preserved for the significant value they possess, such as oral agreements (treaties) made between nations concerning shared land and territory.<\/li>\n<li>To preserve the value of oral agreements (treaties) translated through Wampum belts, agreements were occasionally announced publicly to community members.<\/li>\n<li>Wampum belts were used to identify the significance of treaties between nations to share the territory for hunting or agriculture, passed on by knowledge keepers from generation to generation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Dish with One Spoon<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0521-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"431\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0523-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-131\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0522-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Photos by: Kimberly Boissiere<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Two Row Wampum Treaty Belt<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"431\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0524-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"642\" height=\"428\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-134\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0525-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"427\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-135\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0527-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"425\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0528-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Photos by: Kimberly Boissiere<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Six Nations &amp; George Washington Belt<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"632\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0535-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"423\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-138\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0536-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"632\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0537-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"633\" height=\"422\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/337\/2022\/04\/IMG_0538-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Photos by: Kimberly Boissiere<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":437,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["kimberly-boissiere","jcaribou"],"pb_section_license":""},"front-matter-type":[],"contributor":[61,60],"license":[],"class_list":["post-129","front-matter","type-front-matter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-jcaribou","contributor-kimberly-boissiere"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/front-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/437"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/129\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":203,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/129\/revisions\/203"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/129\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"front-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter-type?post=129"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=129"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/indigenouscityfieldtrip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}