{"id":975,"date":"2024-04-10T09:50:51","date_gmt":"2024-04-10T13:50:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=975"},"modified":"2024-04-10T09:54:12","modified_gmt":"2024-04-10T13:54:12","slug":"2-4-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/chapter\/2-4-2\/","title":{"raw":"2.4.2 Delirium","rendered":"2.4.2 Delirium"},"content":{"raw":"Delirium:\u00a0 An acute state of confusion marked by changes in a person\u2019s ability to focus, remember, remain alert &amp; oriented and think clearly. Delirium is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Seniors are 4X more likely to experience delirium due to co-morbid conditions that put them at higher risk<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Delirium may be reversed if treated quickly but if it persists, it can result in permanent disability or even death<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Signs of delirium may persist for 12 months or longer<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mortality rates among hospitalized patients with delirium range from 22-76%<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Delirium is associated with a one-year mortality rate of 35-40%<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn patients with dementia, delirium leads to poor health outcomes:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Prolonged hospital stay<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hospital readmission within 30-days<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cognitive and physical decline<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Placement in LTC homes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Death etc.[footnote]Alzheimer\u2019s Society, 2017[\/footnote][footnote]Island Health, 2006a[\/footnote][footnote]Francis, 2019[\/footnote][footnote]Inouye, 2006[\/footnote][footnote]Fick &amp; Mion, 2008[\/footnote]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nDiagnosing Delirium:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A crucial element for diagnosis is \u201cknowing the person\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Medical History: What has changed?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Screening:\u00a0 Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Acute changes in mental status AND fluctuating course<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Inattention<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Disorganized thinking<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Altered level of consciousness[footnote]Alberta Health Services, 2015[\/footnote]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Recommended Reading<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cgatoolkit.ca\/Uploads\/ContentDocuments\/camshortform.pdf\">CONFUSION ASSESSMENT METHOD (CAM)<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>Delirium:\u00a0 An acute state of confusion marked by changes in a person\u2019s ability to focus, remember, remain alert &amp; oriented and think clearly. Delirium is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Seniors are 4X more likely to experience delirium due to co-morbid conditions that put them at higher risk<\/li>\n<li>Delirium may be reversed if treated quickly but if it persists, it can result in permanent disability or even death<\/li>\n<li>Signs of delirium may persist for 12 months or longer<\/li>\n<li>Mortality rates among hospitalized patients with delirium range from 22-76%<\/li>\n<li>Delirium is associated with a one-year mortality rate of 35-40%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In patients with dementia, delirium leads to poor health outcomes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prolonged hospital stay<\/li>\n<li>Hospital readmission within 30-days<\/li>\n<li>Cognitive and physical decline<\/li>\n<li>Placement in LTC homes<\/li>\n<li>Death etc.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Alzheimer\u2019s Society, 2017\" id=\"return-footnote-975-1\" href=\"#footnote-975-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Island Health, 2006a\" id=\"return-footnote-975-2\" href=\"#footnote-975-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Francis, 2019\" id=\"return-footnote-975-3\" href=\"#footnote-975-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Inouye, 2006\" id=\"return-footnote-975-4\" href=\"#footnote-975-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Fick &amp; Mion, 2008\" id=\"return-footnote-975-5\" href=\"#footnote-975-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Diagnosing Delirium:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A crucial element for diagnosis is \u201cknowing the person\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Medical History: What has changed?<\/li>\n<li>Screening:\u00a0 Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)<\/li>\n<li>Acute changes in mental status AND fluctuating course<\/li>\n<li>Inattention<\/li>\n<li>Disorganized thinking<\/li>\n<li>Altered level of consciousness<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Alberta Health Services, 2015\" id=\"return-footnote-975-6\" href=\"#footnote-975-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Recommended Reading<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cgatoolkit.ca\/Uploads\/ContentDocuments\/camshortform.pdf\">CONFUSION ASSESSMENT METHOD (CAM)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-975-1\">Alzheimer\u2019s Society, 2017 <a href=\"#return-footnote-975-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-975-2\">Island Health, 2006a <a href=\"#return-footnote-975-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-975-3\">Francis, 2019 <a href=\"#return-footnote-975-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-975-4\">Inouye, 2006 <a href=\"#return-footnote-975-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-975-5\">Fick &amp; Mion, 2008 <a href=\"#return-footnote-975-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-975-6\">Alberta Health Services, 2015 <a href=\"#return-footnote-975-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":517,"menu_order":31,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-975","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/975","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/517"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/975\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":978,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/975\/revisions\/978"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/975\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=975"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=975"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=975"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/npltc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=975"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}