{"id":1234,"date":"2018-04-26T19:53:27","date_gmt":"2018-04-26T19:53:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/pwaa\/?post_type=chapter&p=1234"},"modified":"2023-04-25T13:17:03","modified_gmt":"2023-04-25T13:17:03","slug":"manual-web-accessibility-testing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/chapter\/manual-web-accessibility-testing\/","title":{"raw":"Manual Web Accessibility Testing","rendered":"Manual Web Accessibility Testing"},"content":{"raw":"In addition to the many automated tools you might use when auditing web accessibility, there are also a variety of manual tests or strategies you can employ to identify potential barriers in web content. Some of these are very simple, quick, and easily done by anyone.\r\n
Try This:<\/strong> Place the cursor in the location\/URL area of a web browser, then press the Tab key repeatedly and follow the cursor as it moves through elements on the page. Any functional elements like links, buttons, form fields, etc. that don\u2019t receive focus when \u201ctabbing\u201d through the page are likely going to be inaccessible to those that require keyboard access (e.g., people who are blind, some low-vision users, others with mobility impairments).<\/div>\r\nTab key testing and other manual tests will be covered in the unit\u00a0Manual Testing Strategies<\/a>.\r\n

Screen Reader Testing<\/h2>\r\nAnother manual test strategy that should be used during web auditing is to navigate through web content with a screen reader. Screen readers are useful for identifying accessibility and usability issues. You can easily determine that an image is missing alt text, for instance, if the screen reader reads a file name, or reads nothing at all when it comes across the image. Usability issues can also be identified that automated and manual tests may not identify. For example, if a dynamic error message is injected into a page after some interaction fails, like the messages shown below each field in the login form below, you may see the message but not hear it with the screen reader. In such a case the feedback may need ARIA (discussed in\u00a0Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) <\/a>) added to make the message readable, which might only be confirmed by listening to a screen reader\u2019s output.\r\n\r\n\"Login\r\n\r\nFigure:<\/strong> Login form with dynamically injected error messages below form fields where required information is missing<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWe will look at using screen readers and other assistive technologies during accessibility testing in more detail in the unit\u00a0Assistive Technology Testing<\/a>.","rendered":"

In addition to the many automated tools you might use when auditing web accessibility, there are also a variety of manual tests or strategies you can employ to identify potential barriers in web content. Some of these are very simple, quick, and easily done by anyone.<\/p>\n

Try This:<\/strong> Place the cursor in the location\/URL area of a web browser, then press the Tab key repeatedly and follow the cursor as it moves through elements on the page. Any functional elements like links, buttons, form fields, etc. that don\u2019t receive focus when \u201ctabbing\u201d through the page are likely going to be inaccessible to those that require keyboard access (e.g., people who are blind, some low-vision users, others with mobility impairments).<\/div>\n

Tab key testing and other manual tests will be covered in the unit\u00a0Manual Testing Strategies<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Screen Reader Testing<\/h2>\n

Another manual test strategy that should be used during web auditing is to navigate through web content with a screen reader. Screen readers are useful for identifying accessibility and usability issues. You can easily determine that an image is missing alt text, for instance, if the screen reader reads a file name, or reads nothing at all when it comes across the image. Usability issues can also be identified that automated and manual tests may not identify. For example, if a dynamic error message is injected into a page after some interaction fails, like the messages shown below each field in the login form below, you may see the message but not hear it with the screen reader. In such a case the feedback may need ARIA (discussed in\u00a0Web Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) <\/a>) added to make the message readable, which might only be confirmed by listening to a screen reader\u2019s output.<\/p>\n

\"Login<\/p>\n

Figure:<\/strong> Login form with dynamically injected error messages below form fields where required information is missing<\/strong><\/p>\n

We will look at using screen readers and other assistive technologies during accessibility testing in more detail in the unit\u00a0Assistive Technology Testing<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1234","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1164,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1234","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/56"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1234\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2598,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1234\/revisions\/2598"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1164"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1234\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1234"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1234"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1234"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/pwaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}