{"id":252,"date":"2019-07-01T19:17:56","date_gmt":"2019-07-01T19:17:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/scholarlywriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=252"},"modified":"2019-10-26T13:38:03","modified_gmt":"2019-10-26T13:38:03","slug":"critical-writing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/chapter\/critical-writing\/","title":{"raw":"Critical Writing","rendered":"Critical Writing"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What it is?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Have you ever been asked to write in a critical manner?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Critical writing involves critical thinking<\/strong>. This type of thinking develops over the course of your university program and involves learning to evaluate and reconstruct your thinking and ideas in the context of other peoples\u2019 thinking and ideas. You may be involved in critical thinking and writing related to phenomena such as journal articles, healthcare issues, new clinical guidelines, and healthcare policy issues. See <b>Table 4.2<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Overall, you should use critical thinking and writing when you start breaking down your topic to develop discussion points. You will also use critical analysis when you synthesize, or blend, your ideas with those of experts. This means you will go beyond a statement of facts and <strong>take a stance<\/strong>, stating your view on an idea or issue and on core sources of information on that topic: you will insert your own ideas into the text\u2019s conversation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Table 4.2:<\/b> Critical thinking and critical writing<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"height: 318px\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 42px\">\r\n<th>Critical thinking may involve:<\/th>\r\n<th>Critical writing may involve:<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 276px\">\r\n<td class=\"td3\" style=\"height: 276px;width: 418.906px\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Being curious and reflecting carefully on a topic.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Having an inquiring mind by being skeptical and examining your own thinking and the thinking of others concerning a topic. Don\u2019t just accept an argument or a way of thinking. Ask why. For example, why do I believe that access to healthcare should be a human right? Why do the authors of Article X propose a two-tier healthcare system? What evidence supports or does not support this case?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Being open to making logical and reasoned judgments and conclusions based on this thinking.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td4\" style=\"height: 276px;width: 464.906px\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Responding to a text and determining its quality and relevance to your clinical practice. <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Evaluating a specific phenomenon or issue. You may be asked to challenge the status quo and question pervasive ideology underpinned by social justice. For example, you may be asked to question immigration policies that limit healthcare for newcomers, or to challenge gendered practices in maternal healthcare delivery, or to critically evaluate clinical guidelines related to the effectiveness of methods that verify gastric tube placement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Critically examining the sources you use to support your writing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How to do it?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The steps involved in critical writing depend on the context of your writing and what you are asked to write about. Here are some general steps:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1 indent\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"s1\">1. Demonstrate concise and comprehensive understanding of your issue. You should contextualize the issue in relation to other work, so it will be helpful to begin with some pre-reading strategies and notetaking to understand the big picture. It will be difficult for your audience to think critically about your argument if you do not <strong>provide a clear picture of the issue<\/strong>, so gaps in your understanding will undermine your goal. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1 indent\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"s1\">2. Critically evaluate the phenomenon or the text in question. This will involve <strong>identifying strengths and limitations<\/strong>. You don\u2019t necessarily need to adopt a negative position in which you focus on deficits and limitations alone \u2013 it\u2019s possible to focus on the positive aspects of a phenomenon or a combination of both negative and positive elements in your critical analysis. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1 indent\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"s1\">3. Critical analysis demonstrates that you are able to <strong>synthesize and connect ideas<\/strong>, arrive at your own conclusions, and develop new directions for discussion. Move beyond simply taking another person\u2019s ideas and spitting out facts: you should show that you have used sources to develop ideas of your own, and present alternative interpretations or perspectives through evaluation, debate, and critique. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1 indent\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"s1\">4. You will be expected to <strong>evaluate texts<\/strong> related to research studies. In this case, you should ask questions like: Is the purpose of the research clear? Are the study methods clearly defined? Do the data support the research findings and conclusions? Are the nursing implications clearly identified?<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What to keep in mind?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Keep these tips in mind when engaging in critical thinking:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">While summarizing an issue, it is important to <strong>adopt the language used<\/strong> in the original source, rather than imposing words, beliefs, or assumptions. <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Clearly and concisely argue <strong>one point at a time<\/strong>. An outline will help keep you on track, as each paragraph should focus on a main point.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Highlight strengths, limitations, and recommendations in a <strong>respectful way<\/strong>. Severe language often can make the reader question your credibility. It is also more helpful to provide constructive feedback rather than stressing the futility of an approach. See <b>Table 4.3<\/b> for examples of ways to avoid severe language.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Table 4.3:<\/b> Severe language and better choices<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"lines\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Severe language<\/th>\r\n<th>Better choices<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td7\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The study methods were difficult to understand.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td8\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Some readers will find the study methods difficult to understand.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td9\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The authors neglected to comprehensively examine the literature.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td10\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">This omission of the literature seems to suggest that the authors do not have a comprehensive understanding of the body of literature.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td7\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The nursing implications were unclear.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td8\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">It would be useful to explicate the nursing implications.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td7\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The authors\u2019 conclusions were unclear and not supported.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td8\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The authors\u2019 conclusions would have been more clear and better supported if they had presented the data in a table.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Activity: Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[h5p id=\"22\"]<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<hr aria-hidden=\"true\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"attribution-notice\">Attribution statement<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">This content is mainly our own original content. With editorial changes, some of this content was adapted from (specifically, the last bullet in the table in column two and item three under \u201chow to do it?\u201d): <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/\"><span class=\"s4\">Writing for Success 1st Canadian Edition<\/span><\/a><\/span><span class=\"s4\">\u00a0by\u00a0Tara Horkoff\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"s1\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted. Download for free at: <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/\"><span class=\"s5\">https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>","rendered":"<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What it is?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Have you ever been asked to write in a critical manner?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Critical writing involves critical thinking<\/strong>. This type of thinking develops over the course of your university program and involves learning to evaluate and reconstruct your thinking and ideas in the context of other peoples\u2019 thinking and ideas. You may be involved in critical thinking and writing related to phenomena such as journal articles, healthcare issues, new clinical guidelines, and healthcare policy issues. See <b>Table 4.2<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Overall, you should use critical thinking and writing when you start breaking down your topic to develop discussion points. You will also use critical analysis when you synthesize, or blend, your ideas with those of experts. This means you will go beyond a statement of facts and <strong>take a stance<\/strong>, stating your view on an idea or issue and on core sources of information on that topic: you will insert your own ideas into the text\u2019s conversation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Table 4.2:<\/b> Critical thinking and critical writing<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"height: 318px; border-spacing: 0px;\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 42px\">\n<th>Critical thinking may involve:<\/th>\n<th>Critical writing may involve:<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 276px\">\n<td class=\"td3\" style=\"height: 276px;width: 418.906px\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Being curious and reflecting carefully on a topic.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Having an inquiring mind by being skeptical and examining your own thinking and the thinking of others concerning a topic. Don\u2019t just accept an argument or a way of thinking. Ask why. For example, why do I believe that access to healthcare should be a human right? Why do the authors of Article X propose a two-tier healthcare system? What evidence supports or does not support this case?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Being open to making logical and reasoned judgments and conclusions based on this thinking.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td4\" style=\"height: 276px;width: 464.906px\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Responding to a text and determining its quality and relevance to your clinical practice. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Evaluating a specific phenomenon or issue. You may be asked to challenge the status quo and question pervasive ideology underpinned by social justice. For example, you may be asked to question immigration policies that limit healthcare for newcomers, or to challenge gendered practices in maternal healthcare delivery, or to critically evaluate clinical guidelines related to the effectiveness of methods that verify gastric tube placement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Critically examining the sources you use to support your writing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How to do it?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The steps involved in critical writing depend on the context of your writing and what you are asked to write about. Here are some general steps:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1 indent\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"s1\">1. Demonstrate concise and comprehensive understanding of your issue. You should contextualize the issue in relation to other work, so it will be helpful to begin with some pre-reading strategies and notetaking to understand the big picture. It will be difficult for your audience to think critically about your argument if you do not <strong>provide a clear picture of the issue<\/strong>, so gaps in your understanding will undermine your goal. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1 indent\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"s1\">2. Critically evaluate the phenomenon or the text in question. This will involve <strong>identifying strengths and limitations<\/strong>. You don\u2019t necessarily need to adopt a negative position in which you focus on deficits and limitations alone \u2013 it\u2019s possible to focus on the positive aspects of a phenomenon or a combination of both negative and positive elements in your critical analysis. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1 indent\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"s1\">3. Critical analysis demonstrates that you are able to <strong>synthesize and connect ideas<\/strong>, arrive at your own conclusions, and develop new directions for discussion. Move beyond simply taking another person\u2019s ideas and spitting out facts: you should show that you have used sources to develop ideas of your own, and present alternative interpretations or perspectives through evaluation, debate, and critique. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1 indent\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"s1\">4. You will be expected to <strong>evaluate texts<\/strong> related to research studies. In this case, you should ask questions like: Is the purpose of the research clear? Are the study methods clearly defined? Do the data support the research findings and conclusions? Are the nursing implications clearly identified?<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What to keep in mind?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Keep these tips in mind when engaging in critical thinking:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">While summarizing an issue, it is important to <strong>adopt the language used<\/strong> in the original source, rather than imposing words, beliefs, or assumptions. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Clearly and concisely argue <strong>one point at a time<\/strong>. An outline will help keep you on track, as each paragraph should focus on a main point.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s2\"><\/span><span class=\"s1\">Highlight strengths, limitations, and recommendations in a <strong>respectful way<\/strong>. Severe language often can make the reader question your credibility. It is also more helpful to provide constructive feedback rather than stressing the futility of an approach. See <b>Table 4.3<\/b> for examples of ways to avoid severe language.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Table 4.3:<\/b> Severe language and better choices<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"lines\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Severe language<\/th>\n<th>Better choices<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td7\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The study methods were difficult to understand.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td8\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Some readers will find the study methods difficult to understand.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td9\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The authors neglected to comprehensively examine the literature.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td10\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">This omission of the literature seems to suggest that the authors do not have a comprehensive understanding of the body of literature.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td7\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The nursing implications were unclear.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td8\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">It would be useful to explicate the nursing implications.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td7\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The authors\u2019 conclusions were unclear and not supported.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td8\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The authors\u2019 conclusions would have been more clear and better supported if they had presented the data in a table.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Activity: Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n<div id=\"h5p-22\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-22\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"22\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"C4 Critical\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr aria-hidden=\"true\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"attribution-notice\">Attribution statement<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">This content is mainly our own original content. With editorial changes, some of this content was adapted from (specifically, the last bullet in the table in column two and item three under \u201chow to do it?\u201d): <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/\"><span class=\"s4\">Writing for Success 1st Canadian Edition<\/span><\/a><\/span><span class=\"s4\">\u00a0by\u00a0Tara Horkoff\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"s1\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted. Download for free at: <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/\"><span class=\"s5\">https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-252","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":99,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/252\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1901,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/252\/revisions\/1901"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/99"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/252\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=252"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=252"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=252"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/scholarlywriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}