{"id":217,"date":"2021-11-03T13:54:21","date_gmt":"2021-11-03T17:54:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/thebigsea\/?post_type=chapter&p=217"},"modified":"2022-01-28T10:42:30","modified_gmt":"2022-01-28T15:42:30","slug":"harlem-literati","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/chapter\/harlem-literati\/","title":{"raw":"Harlem Literati","rendered":"Harlem Literati"},"content":{"raw":"The summer of 1926, I lived in a rooming house on 137th Street, where Wallace Thurman and Harcourt Tynes also lived. Thurman was then managing editor of the Messenger<\/em>, a Negro magazine that had a curious career. It began by being very radical, racial, and socialistic, just after the war. I believe it received a grant from the Garland Fund in its early days. Then it later became a kind of Negro society magazine and a plugger for Negro business, with photographs of prominent colored ladies and their nice homes in it. A. Phillip Randolph, now President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Chandler Owen, and George S. Schuyler were connected with it. Schuyler\u2019s editorials, \u00e0 la Mencken, were the most interesting things in the magazine, verbal brickbats that said sometimes one thing, sometimes another, but always vigorously. I asked Thurman what kind of magazine the Messenger<\/em> was, and he said it reflected the policy of whoever paid off best at the time.\r\n\r\nAnyway, the Messenger<\/em> bought my first short stories. They paid me ten dollars a story. Wallace Thurman wrote me that they were very bad stories, but better than any others they could find, so he published them.\r\n\r\nThurman had recently come from California to New York. He was a strangely brilliant black boy, who had read everything, and whose critical mind could find something wrong with everything he read. I have no critical mind, so I usually either like a book or don\u2019t. But I am not capable of liking a book and then finding a million things wrong with it, too\u2014as Thurman was capable of doing.\r\n\r\nThurman had read so many books because he could read eleven lines at a time. He would get from the library a great pile of volumes that would have taken me a year to read. But he would go through them in less than a week, and be able to discuss each one at great length with anybody. That was why, I suppose, he was later given a job as a reader at Macaulay\u2019s\u2014the only Negro reader, so far as I know, to be employed by any of the larger publishing firms.\r\n\r\nLater Thurman became a ghost writer for True Story,<\/em> and other publications, writing under all sorts of fantastic names, like Ethel Belle Mandrake or Patrick Casey. He did Irish and Jewish and Catholic \u201ctrue confessions.\u201d He collaborated with William Jordan Rapp on plays and novels. Later he ghosted books. In fact, this quite dark young Negro is said to have written Men, Women, and Checks<\/em>.\r\n\r\nWallace Thurman wanted to be a great writer, but none of his own work ever made him happy. The Blacker the Berry<\/em>, his first book, was an important novel on a subject little dwelt upon in Negro fiction\u2014the plight of the very dark Negro woman, who encounters in some communities a double wall of color-prejudice within and without the race. His play, Harlem<\/em>, considerably distorted for box office purposes, was, nevertheless, a compelling study\u2014and the only one in the theater\u2014of the impact of Harlem on a Negro family fresh from the South. And his Infants of the Spring<\/em>, a superb and bitter study of the bohemian fringe of Harlem\u2019s literary and artistic life, is a compelling book.\r\n\r\nBut none of these things pleased Wallace Thurman. He wanted to be a very great writer, like Gorki or Thomas Mann, and he felt that he was merely a journalistic writer. His critical mind, comparing his pages to the thousands of other pages he had read, by Proust, Melville, Tolstoy, Galsworthy, Dostoyevski, Henry James, Sainte-Beauve, Taine, Anatole France, found his own pages vastly wanting. So he contented himself by writing a great deal for money, laughing bitterly at his fabulously concocted \u201ctrue stories,\u201d creating two bad motion pictures of the \u201cAdults Only\u201d type for Hollywood, drinking more and more gin, and then threatening to jump out of windows at people\u2019s parties and kill himself.\r\n\r\nDuring the summer of 1926, Wallace Thurman, Zora Neale Hurston, Aaron Douglas, John P. Davis, Bruce Nugent, Gwendolyn Bennett, and I decided to publish \u201ca Negro quarterly of the arts\u201d to be called Fire<\/em>\u2014the idea being that it would burn up a lot of the old, dead conventional Negro-white ideas of the past, \u00e9pater le bourgeois<\/em> into a realization of the existence of the younger Negro writers and artists, and provide us with an outlet for publication not available in the limited pages of the small Negro magazines then existing, the Crisis<\/em>, Opportunity<\/em>, and the Messenger<\/em>\u2014the first two being house organs of interracial organizations, and the latter being God knows what.\r\n\r\nSweltering summer evenings we met to plan Fire<\/em>. Each of the seven of us agreed to give fifty dollars to finance the first issue. Thurman was to edit it, John P. Davis to handle the business end, and Bruce Nugent to take charge of distribution. The rest of us were to serve as an editorial board to collect material, contribute our own work, and act in any useful way that we could. For artists and writers, we got along fine and there were no quarrels. But October came before we were ready to go to press. I had to return to Lincoln, John Davis to Law School at Harvard, Zora Hurston to her studies at Barnard, from whence she went about Harlem with an anthropologist\u2019s ruler, measuring heads for Franz Boas.\r\n\r\nOnly three of the seven had contributed their fifty dollars, but the others faithfully promised to send theirs out of tuition checks, wages, or begging. Thurman went on with the work of preparing the magazine. He got a printer. He planned the layout. It had to be on good paper, he said, worthy of the drawings of Aaron Douglas. It had to have beautiful type, worthy of the first Negro art quarterly. It had to be what we seven young Negroes dreamed our magazine would be\u2014so in the end it cost almost a thousand dollars, and nobody could pay the bills.\r\n\r\nI don\u2019t know how Thurman persuaded the printer to let us have all the copies to distribute, but he did. I think Alain Locke, among others, signed notes guaranteeing payments. But since Thurman was the only one of the seven of us with a regular job, for the next three or four years his checks were constantly being attached and his income seized to pay for Fire<\/em>. And whenever I sold a poem, mine went there, too\u2014to Fire<\/em>.\r\n\r\nNone of the older Negro intellectuals would have anything to do with Fire<\/em>. Dr. DuBois in the Crisis<\/em> roasted it. The Negro press called it all sorts of bad names, largely because of a green and purple story by Bruce Nugent, in the Oscar Wilde tradition, which we had included. Rean Graves, the critic for the Baltimore Afro-American<\/em>, began his review by saying: \u201cI have just tossed the first issue of Fire into the fire.\u201d Commenting upon various of our contributors, he said: \u201cAaron Douglas who, in spite of himself and the meaningless grotesqueness of his creations, has gained a reputation as an artist, is permitted to spoil three perfectly good pages and a cover with his pen and ink hudge pudge. Countee Cullen has written a beautiful poem in his \u2018From a Dark Tower,\u2019 but tries his best to obscure the thought in superfluous sentences. Langston Hughes displays his usual ability to say nothing in many words.\u201d\r\n\r\nSo Fire<\/em> had plenty of cold water thrown on it by the colored critics. The white critics (except for an excellent editorial in the Bookman<\/em> for November, 1926) scarcely noticed it at all. We had no way of getting it distributed to bookstands or news stands. Bruce Nugent took it around New York on foot and some of the Greenwich Village bookshops put it on display, and sold it for us. But then Bruce, who had no job, would collect the money and, on account of salary, eat it up before he got back to Harlem.\r\n\r\nFinally, irony of ironies, several hundred copies of Fire<\/em> were stored in the basement of an apartment where an actual fire occurred and the bulk of the whole issue was burned up. Even after that Thurman had to go on paying the printer.\r\n\r\nNow Fire<\/em> is a collector\u2019s item, and very difficult to get, being mostly ashes.\r\n\r\nThat taught me a lesson about little magazines. But since white folks had them, we Negroes thought we could have one, too. But we didn\u2019t have the money.\r\n\r\nWallace Thurman laughed a long bitter laugh. He was a strange kind of fellow, who liked to drink gin, but didn\u2019t<\/em> like to drink gin; who liked being a Negro, but felt it a great handicap; who adored bohemianism, but thought it wrong to be a bohemian. He liked to waste a lot of time, but he always felt guilty wasting time. He loathed crowds, yet he hated to be alone. He almost always felt bad, yet he didn\u2019t write poetry.\r\n\r\nOnce I told him if I could feel as bad as he did all<\/em> the time, I would surely produce wonderful books. But he said you had to know how to write<\/em>, as well as how to feel bad. I said I didn\u2019t have to know how to feel bad, because, every so often, the blues just naturally overtook me, like a blind beggar with an old guitar:\r\n
You don\u2019t know,\r\nYou don\u2019t know my mind\u2014\r\nWhen you see me laughin\u2019,\r\nI\u2019m laughin\u2019 to keep from cryin\u2019.<\/blockquote>\r\nAbout the future of Negro literature Thurman was very pessimistic. He thought the Negro vogue had made us all too conscious of ourselves, had flattered and spoiled us, and had provided too many easy opportunities for some of us to drink gin and more gin, on which he thought we would always be drunk. With his bitter sense of humor, he called the Harlem literati, the \u201cniggerati.\u201d\r\n\r\nOf this \u201cniggerati,\u201d Zora Neale Hurston was certainly the most amusing. Only to reach a wider audience, need she ever write books\u2014because she is a perfect book of entertainment in herself. In her youth she was always getting scholarships and things from wealthy white people, some of whom simply paid her just to sit around and represent the Negro race for them, she did it in such a racy fashion. She was full of side-splitting anecdotes, humorous tales, and tragicomic stories, remembered out of her life in the South as a daughter of a travelling minister of God. She could make you laugh one minute and cry the next. To many of her white friends, no doubt, she was a perfect \u201cdarkie,\u201d in the nice meaning they give the term\u2014that is a na\u00efve, childlike, sweet, humorous, and highly colored Negro.\r\n\r\nBut Miss Hurston was clever, too\u2014a student who didn\u2019t let college give her a broad a and who had great scorn for all pretensions, academic or otherwise. That is why she was such a fine folk-lore collector, able to go among the people and never act as if she had been to school at all. Almost nobody else could stop the average Harlemite on Lenox Avenue and measure his head with a strange-looking, anthropological device and not get bawled out for the attempt, except Zora, who used to stop anyone whose head looked interesting, and measure it.\r\n\r\nWhen Miss Hurston graduated from Barnard she took an apartment in West 66th Street near the park, in that row of Negro houses there. She moved in with no furniture at all and no money, but in a few days friends had given her everything, from decorative silver birds, perched atop the linen cabinet, down to a footstool. And on Saturday night, to christen the place, she had a hand-chicken dinner, since she had forgotten to say she needed forks.\r\n\r\nShe seemed to know almost everybody in New York. She had been a secretary to Fannie Hurst, and had met dozens of celebrities whose friendship she retained. Yet she was always having terrific ups-and-downs about money. She tells this story on herself, about needing a nickel to go downtown one day and wondering where on earth she would get it. As she approached the subway, she was stopped by a blind beggar holding out his cup.\r\n\r\n\u201cPlease help the blind! Help the blind! A nickel for the blind!\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201cI need money worse than you today,\u201d said Miss Hurston, taking five cents out of his cup. \u201cLend me this! Next time, I\u2019ll give it back.\u201d And she went on downtown.\r\n\r\nHarlem was like a great magnet for the Negro intellectual, pulling him from everywhere. Or perhaps the magnet was New York\u2014but once in New York, he had to live in Harlem, for rooms were hardly to be found elsewhere unless one could pass for white or Mexican or Eurasian and perhaps live in the Village\u2014which always seemed to me a very arty locale, in spite of the many real artists and writers who lived there. Only a few of the New Negroes lived in the Village, Harlem being their real stamping ground.\r\n\r\nThe wittiest of these New Negroes of Harlem, whose tongue was flavored with the sharpest and saltiest humor, was Rudolph Fisher, whose stories appeared in the Atlantic Monthly<\/em>. His novel, Walls of Jericho<\/em>, captures but slightly the raciness of his own conversation. He was a young medical doctor and X-ray specialist, who always frightened me a little, because he could think of the most incisively clever things to say\u2014and I could never think of anything to answer. He and Alain Locke together were great for intellectual wise-cracking. The two would fling big and witty words about with such swift and punning innuendo that an ordinary mortal just sat and looked wary for fear of being caught in a net of witticisms beyond his cultural ken. I used to wish I could talk like Rudolph Fisher. Besides being a good writer, he was an excellent singer, and had sung with Paul Robeson during their college days. But I guess Fisher was too brilliant and too talented to stay long on this earth. During the same week, in December, 1934, he and Wallace Thurman both died.\r\n\r\nThurman died of tuberculosis in the charity ward at Bellevue Hospital, having just flown back to New York from Hollywood.","rendered":"

The summer of 1926, I lived in a rooming house on 137th Street, where Wallace Thurman and Harcourt Tynes also lived. Thurman was then managing editor of the Messenger<\/em>, a Negro magazine that had a curious career. It began by being very radical, racial, and socialistic, just after the war. I believe it received a grant from the Garland Fund in its early days. Then it later became a kind of Negro society magazine and a plugger for Negro business, with photographs of prominent colored ladies and their nice homes in it. A. Phillip Randolph, now President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Chandler Owen, and George S. Schuyler were connected with it. Schuyler\u2019s editorials, \u00e0 la Mencken, were the most interesting things in the magazine, verbal brickbats that said sometimes one thing, sometimes another, but always vigorously. I asked Thurman what kind of magazine the Messenger<\/em> was, and he said it reflected the policy of whoever paid off best at the time.<\/p>\n

Anyway, the Messenger<\/em> bought my first short stories. They paid me ten dollars a story. Wallace Thurman wrote me that they were very bad stories, but better than any others they could find, so he published them.<\/p>\n

Thurman had recently come from California to New York. He was a strangely brilliant black boy, who had read everything, and whose critical mind could find something wrong with everything he read. I have no critical mind, so I usually either like a book or don\u2019t. But I am not capable of liking a book and then finding a million things wrong with it, too\u2014as Thurman was capable of doing.<\/p>\n

Thurman had read so many books because he could read eleven lines at a time. He would get from the library a great pile of volumes that would have taken me a year to read. But he would go through them in less than a week, and be able to discuss each one at great length with anybody. That was why, I suppose, he was later given a job as a reader at Macaulay\u2019s\u2014the only Negro reader, so far as I know, to be employed by any of the larger publishing firms.<\/p>\n

Later Thurman became a ghost writer for True Story,<\/em> and other publications, writing under all sorts of fantastic names, like Ethel Belle Mandrake or Patrick Casey. He did Irish and Jewish and Catholic \u201ctrue confessions.\u201d He collaborated with William Jordan Rapp on plays and novels. Later he ghosted books. In fact, this quite dark young Negro is said to have written Men, Women, and Checks<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Wallace Thurman wanted to be a great writer, but none of his own work ever made him happy. The Blacker the Berry<\/em>, his first book, was an important novel on a subject little dwelt upon in Negro fiction\u2014the plight of the very dark Negro woman, who encounters in some communities a double wall of color-prejudice within and without the race. His play, Harlem<\/em>, considerably distorted for box office purposes, was, nevertheless, a compelling study\u2014and the only one in the theater\u2014of the impact of Harlem on a Negro family fresh from the South. And his Infants of the Spring<\/em>, a superb and bitter study of the bohemian fringe of Harlem\u2019s literary and artistic life, is a compelling book.<\/p>\n

But none of these things pleased Wallace Thurman. He wanted to be a very great writer, like Gorki or Thomas Mann, and he felt that he was merely a journalistic writer. His critical mind, comparing his pages to the thousands of other pages he had read, by Proust, Melville, Tolstoy, Galsworthy, Dostoyevski, Henry James, Sainte-Beauve, Taine, Anatole France, found his own pages vastly wanting. So he contented himself by writing a great deal for money, laughing bitterly at his fabulously concocted \u201ctrue stories,\u201d creating two bad motion pictures of the \u201cAdults Only\u201d type for Hollywood, drinking more and more gin, and then threatening to jump out of windows at people\u2019s parties and kill himself.<\/p>\n

During the summer of 1926, Wallace Thurman, Zora Neale Hurston, Aaron Douglas, John P. Davis, Bruce Nugent, Gwendolyn Bennett, and I decided to publish \u201ca Negro quarterly of the arts\u201d to be called Fire<\/em>\u2014the idea being that it would burn up a lot of the old, dead conventional Negro-white ideas of the past, \u00e9pater le bourgeois<\/em> into a realization of the existence of the younger Negro writers and artists, and provide us with an outlet for publication not available in the limited pages of the small Negro magazines then existing, the Crisis<\/em>, Opportunity<\/em>, and the Messenger<\/em>\u2014the first two being house organs of interracial organizations, and the latter being God knows what.<\/p>\n

Sweltering summer evenings we met to plan Fire<\/em>. Each of the seven of us agreed to give fifty dollars to finance the first issue. Thurman was to edit it, John P. Davis to handle the business end, and Bruce Nugent to take charge of distribution. The rest of us were to serve as an editorial board to collect material, contribute our own work, and act in any useful way that we could. For artists and writers, we got along fine and there were no quarrels. But October came before we were ready to go to press. I had to return to Lincoln, John Davis to Law School at Harvard, Zora Hurston to her studies at Barnard, from whence she went about Harlem with an anthropologist\u2019s ruler, measuring heads for Franz Boas.<\/p>\n

Only three of the seven had contributed their fifty dollars, but the others faithfully promised to send theirs out of tuition checks, wages, or begging. Thurman went on with the work of preparing the magazine. He got a printer. He planned the layout. It had to be on good paper, he said, worthy of the drawings of Aaron Douglas. It had to have beautiful type, worthy of the first Negro art quarterly. It had to be what we seven young Negroes dreamed our magazine would be\u2014so in the end it cost almost a thousand dollars, and nobody could pay the bills.<\/p>\n

I don\u2019t know how Thurman persuaded the printer to let us have all the copies to distribute, but he did. I think Alain Locke, among others, signed notes guaranteeing payments. But since Thurman was the only one of the seven of us with a regular job, for the next three or four years his checks were constantly being attached and his income seized to pay for Fire<\/em>. And whenever I sold a poem, mine went there, too\u2014to Fire<\/em>.<\/p>\n

None of the older Negro intellectuals would have anything to do with Fire<\/em>. Dr. DuBois in the Crisis<\/em> roasted it. The Negro press called it all sorts of bad names, largely because of a green and purple story by Bruce Nugent, in the Oscar Wilde tradition, which we had included. Rean Graves, the critic for the Baltimore Afro-American<\/em>, began his review by saying: \u201cI have just tossed the first issue of Fire into the fire.\u201d Commenting upon various of our contributors, he said: \u201cAaron Douglas who, in spite of himself and the meaningless grotesqueness of his creations, has gained a reputation as an artist, is permitted to spoil three perfectly good pages and a cover with his pen and ink hudge pudge. Countee Cullen has written a beautiful poem in his \u2018From a Dark Tower,\u2019 but tries his best to obscure the thought in superfluous sentences. Langston Hughes displays his usual ability to say nothing in many words.\u201d<\/p>\n

So Fire<\/em> had plenty of cold water thrown on it by the colored critics. The white critics (except for an excellent editorial in the Bookman<\/em> for November, 1926) scarcely noticed it at all. We had no way of getting it distributed to bookstands or news stands. Bruce Nugent took it around New York on foot and some of the Greenwich Village bookshops put it on display, and sold it for us. But then Bruce, who had no job, would collect the money and, on account of salary, eat it up before he got back to Harlem.<\/p>\n

Finally, irony of ironies, several hundred copies of Fire<\/em> were stored in the basement of an apartment where an actual fire occurred and the bulk of the whole issue was burned up. Even after that Thurman had to go on paying the printer.<\/p>\n

Now Fire<\/em> is a collector\u2019s item, and very difficult to get, being mostly ashes.<\/p>\n

That taught me a lesson about little magazines. But since white folks had them, we Negroes thought we could have one, too. But we didn\u2019t have the money.<\/p>\n

Wallace Thurman laughed a long bitter laugh. He was a strange kind of fellow, who liked to drink gin, but didn\u2019t<\/em> like to drink gin; who liked being a Negro, but felt it a great handicap; who adored bohemianism, but thought it wrong to be a bohemian. He liked to waste a lot of time, but he always felt guilty wasting time. He loathed crowds, yet he hated to be alone. He almost always felt bad, yet he didn\u2019t write poetry.<\/p>\n

Once I told him if I could feel as bad as he did all<\/em> the time, I would surely produce wonderful books. But he said you had to know how to write<\/em>, as well as how to feel bad. I said I didn\u2019t have to know how to feel bad, because, every so often, the blues just naturally overtook me, like a blind beggar with an old guitar:<\/p>\n

You don\u2019t know,
\nYou don\u2019t know my mind\u2014
\nWhen you see me laughin\u2019,
\nI\u2019m laughin\u2019 to keep from cryin\u2019.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

About the future of Negro literature Thurman was very pessimistic. He thought the Negro vogue had made us all too conscious of ourselves, had flattered and spoiled us, and had provided too many easy opportunities for some of us to drink gin and more gin, on which he thought we would always be drunk. With his bitter sense of humor, he called the Harlem literati, the \u201cniggerati.\u201d<\/p>\n

Of this \u201cniggerati,\u201d Zora Neale Hurston was certainly the most amusing. Only to reach a wider audience, need she ever write books\u2014because she is a perfect book of entertainment in herself. In her youth she was always getting scholarships and things from wealthy white people, some of whom simply paid her just to sit around and represent the Negro race for them, she did it in such a racy fashion. She was full of side-splitting anecdotes, humorous tales, and tragicomic stories, remembered out of her life in the South as a daughter of a travelling minister of God. She could make you laugh one minute and cry the next. To many of her white friends, no doubt, she was a perfect \u201cdarkie,\u201d in the nice meaning they give the term\u2014that is a na\u00efve, childlike, sweet, humorous, and highly colored Negro.<\/p>\n

But Miss Hurston was clever, too\u2014a student who didn\u2019t let college give her a broad a and who had great scorn for all pretensions, academic or otherwise. That is why she was such a fine folk-lore collector, able to go among the people and never act as if she had been to school at all. Almost nobody else could stop the average Harlemite on Lenox Avenue and measure his head with a strange-looking, anthropological device and not get bawled out for the attempt, except Zora, who used to stop anyone whose head looked interesting, and measure it.<\/p>\n

When Miss Hurston graduated from Barnard she took an apartment in West 66th Street near the park, in that row of Negro houses there. She moved in with no furniture at all and no money, but in a few days friends had given her everything, from decorative silver birds, perched atop the linen cabinet, down to a footstool. And on Saturday night, to christen the place, she had a hand-chicken dinner, since she had forgotten to say she needed forks.<\/p>\n

She seemed to know almost everybody in New York. She had been a secretary to Fannie Hurst, and had met dozens of celebrities whose friendship she retained. Yet she was always having terrific ups-and-downs about money. She tells this story on herself, about needing a nickel to go downtown one day and wondering where on earth she would get it. As she approached the subway, she was stopped by a blind beggar holding out his cup.<\/p>\n

\u201cPlease help the blind! Help the blind! A nickel for the blind!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI need money worse than you today,\u201d said Miss Hurston, taking five cents out of his cup. \u201cLend me this! Next time, I\u2019ll give it back.\u201d And she went on downtown.<\/p>\n

Harlem was like a great magnet for the Negro intellectual, pulling him from everywhere. Or perhaps the magnet was New York\u2014but once in New York, he had to live in Harlem, for rooms were hardly to be found elsewhere unless one could pass for white or Mexican or Eurasian and perhaps live in the Village\u2014which always seemed to me a very arty locale, in spite of the many real artists and writers who lived there. Only a few of the New Negroes lived in the Village, Harlem being their real stamping ground.<\/p>\n

The wittiest of these New Negroes of Harlem, whose tongue was flavored with the sharpest and saltiest humor, was Rudolph Fisher, whose stories appeared in the Atlantic Monthly<\/em>. His novel, Walls of Jericho<\/em>, captures but slightly the raciness of his own conversation. He was a young medical doctor and X-ray specialist, who always frightened me a little, because he could think of the most incisively clever things to say\u2014and I could never think of anything to answer. He and Alain Locke together were great for intellectual wise-cracking. The two would fling big and witty words about with such swift and punning innuendo that an ordinary mortal just sat and looked wary for fear of being caught in a net of witticisms beyond his cultural ken. I used to wish I could talk like Rudolph Fisher. Besides being a good writer, he was an excellent singer, and had sung with Paul Robeson during their college days. But I guess Fisher was too brilliant and too talented to stay long on this earth. During the same week, in December, 1934, he and Wallace Thurman both died.<\/p>\n

Thurman died of tuberculosis in the charity ward at Bellevue Hospital, having just flown back to New York from Hollywood.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":299,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-217","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":101,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/217","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/299"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/217\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":304,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/217\/revisions\/304"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/101"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/217\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=217"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=217"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=217"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/thebigsea\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=217"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}