{"id":531,"date":"2022-02-28T12:24:47","date_gmt":"2022-02-28T17:24:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=531"},"modified":"2022-05-18T17:58:18","modified_gmt":"2022-05-18T21:58:18","slug":"module-3-6-global-inequality-and-development","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/chapter\/module-3-6-global-inequality-and-development\/","title":{"raw":"Global Inequality and \u201cDevelopment\u201d","rendered":"Global Inequality and \u201cDevelopment\u201d"},"content":{"raw":"&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-292\" \/> Reflection 7<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBefore you begin the section \u201cGlobal Inequality and Development\u201d consider:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">What does development mean to you? What about sustainable development?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">What do you think are the causes of global inequality today?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Note<\/strong>: to access your reflection journal please review the <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/chapter\/module-3-1-introduction\/\">introduction section<\/a> of the European Superiority Complex module.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-353\" \/>Audio<\/h2>\r\nTo refresh your memory, listen to the audio clip or read the transcript below from Video 3: The European Superiority Complex.\r\n\r\n\u201cOne of the ways the Western world affirms its superiority is through humanitarian and international development work. Many who commit to ending global poverty and inequality do so from a presumed place of innocence and superiority. Essentially, they are saying \u2018I have not created your problems, but I am benevolently here to help you solve them with my good will, knowledge and expertise.\u2019 Definitions of \u2018developed\u2019 and \u2018underdeveloped\u2019 are inherited from ideas of human progress and modernity. Some countries (and the people that live there) are \u2018developed\u2019 and more modern, while others are underdeveloped and lagging behind.\u201d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/825P-FZXK\"><strong>Survival International<\/strong> <\/a>created a short satirical video about sustainable development (2 minutes). Check it out below. Is this what you think of when you think of the term sustainable?\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uFU2iQcFv7U\r\n\r\nThe <strong>international development industry<\/strong> presents another paradox of society today. The problems that this sector is trying to address are in fact created by the same countries and people claiming to do the \u201chelping\u201d. Those who are in a position to offer help globally are typically the ones that benefit from what creates poverty and inequality in the first place, an accumulation-based culture and the global capitalist system. The symptoms of poverty and inequality are the focus rather than the much more complex systemic causes.\r\n\r\nThe idea of progress and development as defined by Western thought does not serve to actually address human suffering and inequality. Rather, it contributes to the narrative and single story of European supremacy, sustaining the underlying beliefs used to justify ongoing colonial and capitalist violence. As is the case with meritocracy, it <strong>deflects the blame from those creating global inequality<\/strong>, those who are accumulating and hoarding wealth through violence and appropriation, <strong>and instead places the blame on those who are unable to \u201cget out\u201d of their circumstance: the world\u2019s poor<\/strong>. When yet again, we must name the fact that the very existence of a global working class is what sustains our capitalist system and the world's wealthy elite.\r\n\r\nThere are many different ways of describing the relationships between rich and poor countries around the world, the most recent of which try to take into account global power dynamics, such as Global North and Global South. While we won\u2019t go into an exhaustive list here, terms such as <strong>developed, developing, less developed and underdeveloped<\/strong>, remain some of the starkest examples that uphold European supremacist thinking.\r\n\r\nThese terms are based on the idea that there are certain countries that are considered \u201cdeveloped\u201d, more advanced, civilized, progressive. While there are others lagging behind who are trying to catch up. Poverty, failed states, economic stagnation, and joblessness are all seen as the fault of the \u201cpoor\u201d countries themselves. As mentioned above, this framing deflects away from the systemic causes. And not only this, it also hides the fact that \u201cpoor\u201d countries are actually the ones financing the \u201cdevelopment\u201d of rich countries to begin with.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-353\" \/>Audio<\/h2>\r\nTo refresh your memory, let's listen to another audio clip or read the transcript below from Video 3: The European Superiority Complex.\r\n\r\n[audio mp3=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/Module3Audio04.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\n\u201cThere is much evidence demonstrating that it is not rich countries that support the development of poor ones, but actually the other way around. As Machado de Oliveira describes, \u2018Most of the wealth of countries in the global north comes from and is sustained by historical and systemic processes of exploitation, resource extraction, land-grabbing, unfair trade, enforced debt, and tied aid.\u2019 Rich countries and people tend to present themselves as altruistic helpers. When, in fact, the food, clothes, health systems, social security and technologies enjoyed by rich people are subsidized by the exploitation of poor people, lands and non-human life.\u201d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nLet\u2019s explore below some of the statistics behind global inequality and ideas of \u201cdevelopment\u201d. Check out <strong>theRules.org<\/strong>\u2019s video below on global wealth inequality (3 minutes).\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uWSxzjyMNpU\r\n\r\n<strong>David Jefferess<\/strong> is a Canadian scholar whose work centres on the intersections between saviourism (which we will explore in the next section) and the development and aid industries. In a 2021 article titled \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14767724.2021.1892478?journalCode=cgse20\">On saviours and saviourism: lessons from the #WEscanda<\/a>l Jefferess outlined the following:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\"I<span>n 2012 the people\/nations of the global North \u2018gave\u2019 more than $126 billion in development aid to \u2018poor countries,\u2019 but more than $3.3 trillion left these states through debt repayments, the profits of multinational corporations, and illicit capital flight, much of that a result of <\/span><span>an unjust international system of trade. It is this structure that produces \u2018need,\u2019 yet saviourism overwrites this real relation, <strong>a \u2018complex\u2019 of government, schooling, and NGOs propagating the story that the North gives to the South rather than takes<\/strong>\" (p.424-425).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\nThere is plenty of information and research available that quantitatively demonstrates how the global south in fact sustains and subsidizes the wealth of the global north. Yet powerful dominant narratives of Western European supremacy (including its former settler colonies such as Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand) continue to claim benevolence and good intentions. Why and how are many of those in low-intensity struggle in the global north able to deny and ignore this truth?\r\n\r\nTo consider further, take a look at the video \"Who Profits From Poverty?\" with Ananya Roy below.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0deJfPUj1f8\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000\"><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-320\" \/>Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"19\"]<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2><strong>Recommended Reading and Watching<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development-professionals-network\/2017\/jan\/14\/aid-in-reverse-how-poor-countries-develop-rich-countries\">Aid in reverse: how poor countries develop rich countries<\/a>,\u201d by Jason Hickel for the Guardian, January 2017<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Festival of Dangerous Ideas 2013: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7M3WJQbnHKc\">Vandana Shiva - Growth = Poverty<\/a>. (watch: 59 minutes)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymotion.com\/video\/x22eynh\">The End of Poverty?<\/a> (1.5 hours) - Documentary by Philippe Diaz<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-292\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-350x350.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> Reflection 7<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Before you begin the section \u201cGlobal Inequality and Development\u201d consider:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">What does development mean to you? What about sustainable development?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">What do you think are the causes of global inequality today?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Note<\/strong>: to access your reflection journal please review the <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/chapter\/module-3-1-introduction\/\">introduction section<\/a> of the European Superiority Complex module.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-350x350.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/>Audio<\/h2>\n<p>To refresh your memory, listen to the audio clip or read the transcript below from Video 3: The European Superiority Complex.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOne of the ways the Western world affirms its superiority is through humanitarian and international development work. Many who commit to ending global poverty and inequality do so from a presumed place of innocence and superiority. Essentially, they are saying \u2018I have not created your problems, but I am benevolently here to help you solve them with my good will, knowledge and expertise.\u2019 Definitions of \u2018developed\u2019 and \u2018underdeveloped\u2019 are inherited from ideas of human progress and modernity. Some countries (and the people that live there) are \u2018developed\u2019 and more modern, while others are underdeveloped and lagging behind.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/825P-FZXK\"><strong>Survival International<\/strong> <\/a>created a short satirical video about sustainable development (2 minutes). Check it out below. Is this what you think of when you think of the term sustainable?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"There You Go!\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uFU2iQcFv7U?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>international development industry<\/strong> presents another paradox of society today. The problems that this sector is trying to address are in fact created by the same countries and people claiming to do the \u201chelping\u201d. Those who are in a position to offer help globally are typically the ones that benefit from what creates poverty and inequality in the first place, an accumulation-based culture and the global capitalist system. The symptoms of poverty and inequality are the focus rather than the much more complex systemic causes.<\/p>\n<p>The idea of progress and development as defined by Western thought does not serve to actually address human suffering and inequality. Rather, it contributes to the narrative and single story of European supremacy, sustaining the underlying beliefs used to justify ongoing colonial and capitalist violence. As is the case with meritocracy, it <strong>deflects the blame from those creating global inequality<\/strong>, those who are accumulating and hoarding wealth through violence and appropriation, <strong>and instead places the blame on those who are unable to \u201cget out\u201d of their circumstance: the world\u2019s poor<\/strong>. When yet again, we must name the fact that the very existence of a global working class is what sustains our capitalist system and the world&#8217;s wealthy elite.<\/p>\n<p>There are many different ways of describing the relationships between rich and poor countries around the world, the most recent of which try to take into account global power dynamics, such as Global North and Global South. While we won\u2019t go into an exhaustive list here, terms such as <strong>developed, developing, less developed and underdeveloped<\/strong>, remain some of the starkest examples that uphold European supremacist thinking.<\/p>\n<p>These terms are based on the idea that there are certain countries that are considered \u201cdeveloped\u201d, more advanced, civilized, progressive. While there are others lagging behind who are trying to catch up. Poverty, failed states, economic stagnation, and joblessness are all seen as the fault of the \u201cpoor\u201d countries themselves. As mentioned above, this framing deflects away from the systemic causes. And not only this, it also hides the fact that \u201cpoor\u201d countries are actually the ones financing the \u201cdevelopment\u201d of rich countries to begin with.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_audio_ver2-350x350.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/>Audio<\/h2>\n<p>To refresh your memory, let&#8217;s listen to another audio clip or read the transcript below from Video 3: The European Superiority Complex.<\/p>\n<p><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('audio');<\/script><![endif]--><br \/>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-531-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/Module3Audio04.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/Module3Audio04.mp3\">http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/Module3Audio04.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere is much evidence demonstrating that it is not rich countries that support the development of poor ones, but actually the other way around. As Machado de Oliveira describes, \u2018Most of the wealth of countries in the global north comes from and is sustained by historical and systemic processes of exploitation, resource extraction, land-grabbing, unfair trade, enforced debt, and tied aid.\u2019 Rich countries and people tend to present themselves as altruistic helpers. When, in fact, the food, clothes, health systems, social security and technologies enjoyed by rich people are subsidized by the exploitation of poor people, lands and non-human life.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Let\u2019s explore below some of the statistics behind global inequality and ideas of \u201cdevelopment\u201d. Check out <strong>theRules.org<\/strong>\u2019s video below on global wealth inequality (3 minutes).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Global Wealth Inequality  -  What you never knew you never knew (See description for 2017 updates)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uWSxzjyMNpU?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>David Jefferess<\/strong> is a Canadian scholar whose work centres on the intersections between saviourism (which we will explore in the next section) and the development and aid industries. In a 2021 article titled &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14767724.2021.1892478?journalCode=cgse20\">On saviours and saviourism: lessons from the #WEscanda<\/a>l Jefferess outlined the following:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">&#8220;I<span>n 2012 the people\/nations of the global North \u2018gave\u2019 more than $126 billion in development aid to \u2018poor countries,\u2019 but more than $3.3 trillion left these states through debt repayments, the profits of multinational corporations, and illicit capital flight, much of that a result of <\/span><span>an unjust international system of trade. It is this structure that produces \u2018need,\u2019 yet saviourism overwrites this real relation, <strong>a \u2018complex\u2019 of government, schooling, and NGOs propagating the story that the North gives to the South rather than takes<\/strong>&#8221; (p.424-425).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>There is plenty of information and research available that quantitatively demonstrates how the global south in fact sustains and subsidizes the wealth of the global north. Yet powerful dominant narratives of Western European supremacy (including its former settler colonies such as Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand) continue to claim benevolence and good intentions. Why and how are many of those in low-intensity struggle in the global north able to deny and ignore this truth?<\/p>\n<p>To consider further, take a look at the video &#8220;Who Profits From Poverty?&#8221; with Ananya Roy below.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"The #GlobalPOV Project: &quot;Who Profits From Poverty?&quot; With Ananya Roy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0deJfPUj1f8?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/icon-set_learning-activites-1-350x350.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/>Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-19\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-19\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"19\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Global Inequality and \u201cDevelopment\u201d\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><strong>Recommended Reading and Watching<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development-professionals-network\/2017\/jan\/14\/aid-in-reverse-how-poor-countries-develop-rich-countries\">Aid in reverse: how poor countries develop rich countries<\/a>,\u201d by Jason Hickel for the Guardian, January 2017<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Festival of Dangerous Ideas 2013: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7M3WJQbnHKc\">Vandana Shiva &#8211; Growth = Poverty<\/a>. (watch: 59 minutes)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymotion.com\/video\/x22eynh\">The End of Poverty?<\/a> (1.5 hours) &#8211; Documentary by Philippe Diaz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":401,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-531","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":519,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/531","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/401"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/531\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":903,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/531\/revisions\/903"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/519"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/531\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=531"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=531"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=531"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=531"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}