{"id":78,"date":"2022-01-24T15:10:06","date_gmt":"2022-01-24T20:10:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=78"},"modified":"2022-10-07T12:56:31","modified_gmt":"2022-10-07T16:56:31","slug":"module-1-5-slavery-and-indenturement-today","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/chapter\/module-1-5-slavery-and-indenturement-today\/","title":{"raw":"Slavery and Indenturement Today","rendered":"Slavery and Indenturement Today"},"content":{"raw":"As the narrator mentions at the end of the video, \u201cthere are still millions working in conditions of slavery and indenturement today. It\u2019s a reality that is often hidden from and denied by mainstream society.\u201d (Video 1: Racial Capitalism and Colonialism, 8:53)\r\n\r\nConditions of slavery and indenturement refers to those who are in situations of exploitation in which a <strong>person cannot refuse or leave because of threats, violence, coercion, deception, or abuse of power<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.walkfree.org\/what-is-modern-slavery\/#meaning\">Walk Free<\/a>). Human trafficking and forced labour (see Figure 1.2 below) are common practices around the world that predominantly affect Black and Brown working poor people.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_79\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1096\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/Al-Jazeera-Graph-1-300x169.jpeg\" alt=\"Statistics of slavery around the world (see long description below). Source: Al Jazeera.\" width=\"1096\" height=\"617\" class=\" wp-image-79\" \/> Figure 1.2. Statistics of modern-day slavery around the world.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">[h5p id=\"1\"]<\/div>\r\nWhile exploring resources and information on the topic of what some refer to as \"modern day slavery\", it is important to identify how mainstream movements for anti-trafficking, for example, <strong>reproduce carceral logics of violence and punishment<\/strong> (key features of colonialism and capitalism). This topic is very complex, and when understood from a capitalist and colonial lens, the supposed solutions end up repeating the same patterns. For example, arresting individuals for perpetuating human trafficking, who are then sent to prison and enter into forced labour.\r\n<h1>Human Trafficking<\/h1>\r\nAccording to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/human-trafficking\/human-trafficking.html\">United Nations<\/a>, <strong>human trafficking<\/strong> is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people through force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit.\r\n\r\nFor deeper dive into Human Trafficking in Canada, check out Jocelyn Davison\u2019s talk for TEDxUAlberta found below called \u201cPeople For Sale: Human Trafficking in Canada\u201d (14 minutes). You can also explore APTN InFocus feature \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aptnnews.ca\/infocus\/infocus-human-trafficking\/\">Bringing attention to Canada\u2019s secret shame: Human Trafficking<\/a>\u201d (1 hour).\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HbLK_6qlajI\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2><strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Recommended Further Reading<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trina Roache, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aptnnews.ca\/investigates\/aptn-investigates-exploited-human-trafficking-nova-scotia\/\">$150B global human trafficking industry happening in plain sight in Canada say experts<\/a>,\u201d APTN National News, April 16, 2021 (article)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blair Rhodes, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/nova-scotia\/atlantic-canadians-shockingly-unaware-of-human-trafficking-1.6275475\" style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Canadians \u2018shockingly unaware\u2019 of human trafficking, says national organization<\/a><span style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">,\u201d CBC News, December 6, 2021 (article)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Forced Labour<\/h1>\r\nAccording to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/forced-labour\/definition\/lang--en\/index.htm\">International Labour Organization (ILO)<\/a>, forced labour can be understood as work that is performed involuntarily and under the menace of any penalty. It refers to situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as manipulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities.\r\n\r\nSome contemporary examples of forced labour today include the internment camps in Xinjuang China, bonded labour in Pakistan and child labour in the chocolate industry in Ghana and the Ivory Coast (see articles below).\r\n\r\nIt is quite common, particularly in Canada, to think that these types of experiences don\u2019t happen here. Next we will highlight two specific examples that relate to the Canadian context as well: migrant and prison labour.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2><strong>Recommended Further Reading<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jewher Ilham, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2021\/apr\/09\/cotton-slave-labor-uyghur-region-china\">There\u2019s a good chance your cotton T-shirt was made with Uyghur slave labor<\/a>,\u201d The Guardian, April 9th, 2021 (article)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shahzeb Jillani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/life-of-slavery-the-perpetuation-of-bonded-labor-in-pakistan\/a-51792298\">Life of Slavery - the perpetuation of bonded labor in Pakistan<\/a>,\u201d DW, December 25th, 2019 (article)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oliver Balch, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/oct\/20\/chocolate-industry-slammed-for-failure-to-crack-down-on-child-labour\" style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Chocolate industry slammed for failure to crack down on child labour<\/a><span style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">,\u201d The Guardian, October 20th, 2020 (article)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Example: Prison Labour<\/h3>\r\nPrison or penal labour is a type of forced labour that prisoners are required to perform. It is often manual labour and has been referred to as involuntary servitude (which we discussed in our introductory video), penal servitude and imprisonment with hard labour. It\u2019s roots can be traced back to colonialism and enslavement and it continues to to play a large role in present day mass incarceration. The video below by NowThis World \u201cIs Slave Labor Legal in America?\u201d focuses on the U.S. context, while this is a relevant conversation here in Canada too. Check out Justin Ling\u2019s exploration of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalmagazine.ca\/en-ca\/articles\/law\/in-depth\/2019\/all-work-and-low-pay\">Prison Labour<\/a> for the Canadian Bar Association and explore the work of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.torontoprisonersrightsproject.org\/\">Toronto Prisoner\u2019s Rights Project<\/a>.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KtYMnavxaKc\r\n\r\nNote that the video above appears supportive of the existence in prisons, while simply questioning the use of prison labour. Issues with the prison industry and practice of imprisonment goes beyond the specific topic of prison labour. [pb_glossary id=\"907\"]Abolition[\/pb_glossary] (which includes prison abolition) will be explored further in the next section. In the meantime, check out the short clips below of both Angela Davis and Ruth Wilson Gilmore talking about prison abolition.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1HWqYANmWLY\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T0Pm44zcn8o&amp;t=2s\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2>Recommend further reading<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whitney Benns, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/business\/archive\/2015\/09\/prison-labor-in-america\/406177\/\">American Slavery, Reinvented<\/a>,\u201d The Atlantic, September 21, 2015 (article + video)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kevin Rashid Johnson, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2018\/aug\/23\/prisoner-speak-out-american-slave-labor-strike\" style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Prison labor is modern slavery. I\u2019ve been sent to solitary for speaking out<\/a><span style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">,\u201d The Guardian, August 23rd, 2018 (article)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Example: Migrant Labourers<\/h3>\r\nFor example, migrant labourers who are forced to travel internationally for work hold up the backbone of many Western economies. Yet they are treated as second-class citizens, in what is called a state of \u201cunfreedom\u201d. They have little access to health care and education in their host countries, earn much lower than the minimum wage and are forced to travel back and forth between their home countries and places of work for years on end with no pathway to citizenship in the country where they work. These workers are hidden away from mainstream societies, often not talked about, even though they do some of our most vital work like food production and raising our children.\r\n\r\nFor a deeper dive into the experience of migrant farm workers in Canada and the systemic oppression and exploitation they face and resist on an ongoing basis, check out Min Sook Lee\u2019s film Migrant Dreams. The trailer is below, while you can access the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tvo.org\/video\/documentaries\/migrant-dreams-feature-version\">full film here<\/a>.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0J_4-E7IAFU\r\n\r\nYou can also check out episode 22 of the Henceforward podcast - <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thehenceforward.com\/episodes\/2018\/3\/15\/episode-22-migrant-labour-white-settler-anxiety-and-no-returns\">Migrant Labour, White Settler Anxiety, and No Returns<\/a>. In the podcast Nisha Toomey and Chris Ramsaroop explore the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program in Canada.\r\n\r\nTo learn more about the experience of migrants in Canada explore local organizations further like <a href=\"http:\/\/toronto.nooneisillegal.org\/\">No One is Illegal Toronto<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/migrantrights.ca\/\">Migrant Rights Network<\/a> who resist the unjust treatment of these members of our community.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2>Recommend further reading<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/report-migrant-care-workers-exploitation-pandemic-1.5779915\">Exploitation of migrant care workers has increased since COVID-19 struck, report says<\/a>,\u201d CBC, October 28, 2020 (article)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mary Baxter, \u201c\u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tvo.org\/article\/they-all-were-labour-abused-demanding-action-on-the-exploitation-of-migrant-workers\">They all were labour abused\u2019: Demanding action on the exploitation of migrant workers<\/a>,\u201d tvo, June 26, 2020 (article)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Justice Beach, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/archive\/ca\/entry\/foreign-workers_b_5167206\">The Similarities Between Canada\u2019s Temporary Foreign Worker Program and Slavery<\/a>,\u201d Huffpost blog, April 17th, 2014 (article)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Benjamin Harkis, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/en\/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery\/wage-theft-missing-middle-exploitation-migrant-workers\/\" style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Wage theft: the missing middle in exploitation of migrant workers<\/a><span style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">,\u201d Open Democracy, January 21, 2021 (article)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2><strong><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-289\" \/>Music<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=r-Nw7HbaeWY[\/embed]\r\n\r\nFor a transcript of the lyrics for the song Borders visit Genius\u2019s page for <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Mia-borders-lyrics\">Borders<\/a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LilVDjLaZSE\r\n\r\nFor a\u00a0transcript of the lyrics for the song Pa\u2019lante visit Genius\u2019s page for <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Hurray-for-the-riff-raff-palante-lyrics\">Pa\u2019lante<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong><img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"95\" height=\"95\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-292\" \/>Reflection 9<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nEnter your reflection journal and respond to the following questions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">What are products and\/or services that you use regularly in your life that may require forced labour (what some refer to as modern day slavery) or indenturement?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you are unsure, consider using the following tool: <a href=\"https:\/\/slaveryfootprint.org\/\">https:\/\/slaveryfootprint.org\/<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Note<\/strong>: to access your reflection journal please review the <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/chapter\/module-1-1\/\">Introduction section<\/a> of the Racial Capitalism and Colonialism module.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\u200b\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p>As the narrator mentions at the end of the video, \u201cthere are still millions working in conditions of slavery and indenturement today. It\u2019s a reality that is often hidden from and denied by mainstream society.\u201d (Video 1: Racial Capitalism and Colonialism, 8:53)<\/p>\n<p>Conditions of slavery and indenturement refers to those who are in situations of exploitation in which a <strong>person cannot refuse or leave because of threats, violence, coercion, deception, or abuse of power<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.walkfree.org\/what-is-modern-slavery\/#meaning\">Walk Free<\/a>). Human trafficking and forced labour (see Figure 1.2 below) are common practices around the world that predominantly affect Black and Brown working poor people.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_79\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-79\" style=\"width: 1096px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/Al-Jazeera-Graph-1-300x169.jpeg\" alt=\"Statistics of slavery around the world (see long description below). Source: Al Jazeera.\" width=\"1096\" height=\"617\" class=\"wp-image-79\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/Al-Jazeera-Graph-1-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/Al-Jazeera-Graph-1-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/Al-Jazeera-Graph-1-65x37.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/Al-Jazeera-Graph-1-225x126.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/Al-Jazeera-Graph-1-350x197.jpeg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/01\/Al-Jazeera-Graph-1.jpeg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1096px) 100vw, 1096px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-79\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.2. Statistics of modern-day slavery around the world.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div id=\"h5p-1\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-1\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"1\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Slavery Around the World\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>While exploring resources and information on the topic of what some refer to as &#8220;modern day slavery&#8221;, it is important to identify how mainstream movements for anti-trafficking, for example, <strong>reproduce carceral logics of violence and punishment<\/strong> (key features of colonialism and capitalism). This topic is very complex, and when understood from a capitalist and colonial lens, the supposed solutions end up repeating the same patterns. For example, arresting individuals for perpetuating human trafficking, who are then sent to prison and enter into forced labour.<\/p>\n<h1>Human Trafficking<\/h1>\n<p>According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/human-trafficking\/human-trafficking.html\">United Nations<\/a>, <strong>human trafficking<\/strong> is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people through force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit.<\/p>\n<p>For deeper dive into Human Trafficking in Canada, check out Jocelyn Davison\u2019s talk for TEDxUAlberta found below called \u201cPeople For Sale: Human Trafficking in Canada\u201d (14 minutes). You can also explore APTN InFocus feature \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aptnnews.ca\/infocus\/infocus-human-trafficking\/\">Bringing attention to Canada\u2019s secret shame: Human Trafficking<\/a>\u201d (1 hour).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"People For Sale: Human Trafficking in Canada | Jocelyn Davison | TEDxUAlberta\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HbLK_6qlajI?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Recommended Further Reading<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trina Roache, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aptnnews.ca\/investigates\/aptn-investigates-exploited-human-trafficking-nova-scotia\/\">$150B global human trafficking industry happening in plain sight in Canada say experts<\/a>,\u201d APTN National News, April 16, 2021 (article)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blair Rhodes, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/nova-scotia\/atlantic-canadians-shockingly-unaware-of-human-trafficking-1.6275475\" style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Canadians \u2018shockingly unaware\u2019 of human trafficking, says national organization<\/a><span style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">,\u201d CBC News, December 6, 2021 (article)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Forced Labour<\/h1>\n<p>According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/forced-labour\/definition\/lang--en\/index.htm\">International Labour Organization (ILO)<\/a>, forced labour can be understood as work that is performed involuntarily and under the menace of any penalty. It refers to situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as manipulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities.<\/p>\n<p>Some contemporary examples of forced labour today include the internment camps in Xinjuang China, bonded labour in Pakistan and child labour in the chocolate industry in Ghana and the Ivory Coast (see articles below).<\/p>\n<p>It is quite common, particularly in Canada, to think that these types of experiences don\u2019t happen here. Next we will highlight two specific examples that relate to the Canadian context as well: migrant and prison labour.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><strong>Recommended Further Reading<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jewher Ilham, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2021\/apr\/09\/cotton-slave-labor-uyghur-region-china\">There\u2019s a good chance your cotton T-shirt was made with Uyghur slave labor<\/a>,\u201d The Guardian, April 9th, 2021 (article)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shahzeb Jillani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/life-of-slavery-the-perpetuation-of-bonded-labor-in-pakistan\/a-51792298\">Life of Slavery &#8211; the perpetuation of bonded labor in Pakistan<\/a>,\u201d DW, December 25th, 2019 (article)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oliver Balch, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2020\/oct\/20\/chocolate-industry-slammed-for-failure-to-crack-down-on-child-labour\" style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Chocolate industry slammed for failure to crack down on child labour<\/a><span style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">,\u201d The Guardian, October 20th, 2020 (article)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Example: Prison Labour<\/h3>\n<p>Prison or penal labour is a type of forced labour that prisoners are required to perform. It is often manual labour and has been referred to as involuntary servitude (which we discussed in our introductory video), penal servitude and imprisonment with hard labour. It\u2019s roots can be traced back to colonialism and enslavement and it continues to to play a large role in present day mass incarceration. The video below by NowThis World \u201cIs Slave Labor Legal in America?\u201d focuses on the U.S. context, while this is a relevant conversation here in Canada too. Check out Justin Ling\u2019s exploration of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalmagazine.ca\/en-ca\/articles\/law\/in-depth\/2019\/all-work-and-low-pay\">Prison Labour<\/a> for the Canadian Bar Association and explore the work of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.torontoprisonersrightsproject.org\/\">Toronto Prisoner\u2019s Rights Project<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KtYMnavxaKc<\/p>\n<p>Note that the video above appears supportive of the existence in prisons, while simply questioning the use of prison labour. Issues with the prison industry and practice of imprisonment goes beyond the specific topic of prison labour. <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"78-907\">Abolition<\/button> (which includes prison abolition) will be explored further in the next section. In the meantime, check out the short clips below of both Angela Davis and Ruth Wilson Gilmore talking about prison abolition.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"The Case for Prison Abolition: Ruth Wilson Gilmore on COVID-19, Racial Capitalism &amp; Decarceration\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1HWqYANmWLY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-4\" title=\"George Tonight: Angela Davis on abolishing prisons | George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight | CBC\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/T0Pm44zcn8o?start=2&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2>Recommend further reading<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whitney Benns, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/business\/archive\/2015\/09\/prison-labor-in-america\/406177\/\">American Slavery, Reinvented<\/a>,\u201d The Atlantic, September 21, 2015 (article + video)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kevin Rashid Johnson, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2018\/aug\/23\/prisoner-speak-out-american-slave-labor-strike\" style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Prison labor is modern slavery. I\u2019ve been sent to solitary for speaking out<\/a><span style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">,\u201d The Guardian, August 23rd, 2018 (article)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Example: Migrant Labourers<\/h3>\n<p>For example, migrant labourers who are forced to travel internationally for work hold up the backbone of many Western economies. Yet they are treated as second-class citizens, in what is called a state of \u201cunfreedom\u201d. They have little access to health care and education in their host countries, earn much lower than the minimum wage and are forced to travel back and forth between their home countries and places of work for years on end with no pathway to citizenship in the country where they work. These workers are hidden away from mainstream societies, often not talked about, even though they do some of our most vital work like food production and raising our children.<\/p>\n<p>For a deeper dive into the experience of migrant farm workers in Canada and the systemic oppression and exploitation they face and resist on an ongoing basis, check out Min Sook Lee\u2019s film Migrant Dreams. The trailer is below, while you can access the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tvo.org\/video\/documentaries\/migrant-dreams-feature-version\">full film here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-5\" title=\"Migrant Dreams Trailer\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0J_4-E7IAFU?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can also check out episode 22 of the Henceforward podcast &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thehenceforward.com\/episodes\/2018\/3\/15\/episode-22-migrant-labour-white-settler-anxiety-and-no-returns\">Migrant Labour, White Settler Anxiety, and No Returns<\/a>. In the podcast Nisha Toomey and Chris Ramsaroop explore the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program in Canada.<\/p>\n<p>To learn more about the experience of migrants in Canada explore local organizations further like <a href=\"http:\/\/toronto.nooneisillegal.org\/\">No One is Illegal Toronto<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/migrantrights.ca\/\">Migrant Rights Network<\/a> who resist the unjust treatment of these members of our community.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2>Recommend further reading<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/report-migrant-care-workers-exploitation-pandemic-1.5779915\">Exploitation of migrant care workers has increased since COVID-19 struck, report says<\/a>,\u201d CBC, October 28, 2020 (article)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mary Baxter, \u201c\u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tvo.org\/article\/they-all-were-labour-abused-demanding-action-on-the-exploitation-of-migrant-workers\">They all were labour abused\u2019: Demanding action on the exploitation of migrant workers<\/a>,\u201d tvo, June 26, 2020 (article)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Justice Beach, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/archive\/ca\/entry\/foreign-workers_b_5167206\">The Similarities Between Canada\u2019s Temporary Foreign Worker Program and Slavery<\/a>,\u201d Huffpost blog, April 17th, 2014 (article)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Benjamin Harkis, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/en\/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery\/wage-theft-missing-middle-exploitation-migrant-workers\/\" style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">Wage theft: the missing middle in exploitation of migrant workers<\/a><span style=\"background-color: initial;font-size: 1em\">,\u201d Open Democracy, January 21, 2021 (article)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_music_ver2-350x350.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/>Music<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"M.I.A. - Borders\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/r-Nw7HbaeWY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>For a transcript of the lyrics for the song Borders visit Genius\u2019s page for <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Mia-borders-lyrics\">Borders<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-6\" title=\"Hurray For The Riff Raff - Pa&#39;lante (Official Video)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LilVDjLaZSE?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>For a\u00a0transcript of the lyrics for the song Pa\u2019lante visit Genius\u2019s page for <a href=\"https:\/\/genius.com\/Hurray-for-the-riff-raff-palante-lyrics\">Pa\u2019lante<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"95\" height=\"95\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-292\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/308\/2022\/02\/icon-set_reflection-1-350x350.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 95px) 100vw, 95px\" \/>Reflection 9<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Enter your reflection journal and respond to the following questions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">What are products and\/or services that you use regularly in your life that may require forced labour (what some refer to as modern day slavery) or indenturement?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you are unsure, consider using the following tool: <a href=\"https:\/\/slaveryfootprint.org\/\">https:\/\/slaveryfootprint.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Note<\/strong>: to access your reflection journal please review the <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/theunderstory\/chapter\/module-1-1\/\">Introduction section<\/a> of the Racial Capitalism and Colonialism module.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u200b<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"78-907\" hidden><p>An ideology and ongoing practice that examines the root structures of violence, and seeks to create alternative systems beyond the ones that currently exist. Abolitionists, particularly prison abolitionists, understand that the structures of violence that shape our world are functioning the way they are supposed to (with the intention to cause violence and harm) thus such systems need to be dismantled and others need to be ushered in to create a more just world. In an interview, Mariame Kaba explains that part of her work as a prison abolitionist is to \u201cthink of how we can crowd out the current system by building the things that we want to see in the world, that will promote our well-being\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":401,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-78","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":53,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/401"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":908,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions\/908"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/53"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/theunderstory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=78"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}