{"id":553,"date":"2018-03-05T16:46:11","date_gmt":"2018-03-05T16:46:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/writehere\/?post_type=chapter&p=553"},"modified":"2018-04-03T20:22:22","modified_gmt":"2018-04-03T20:22:22","slug":"page-7-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/chapter\/page-7-2\/","title":{"raw":"Putting it All Together","rendered":"Putting it All Together"},"content":{"raw":"Here, finally is our complete analytical essay of Charles Justice\u2019s \u201cThe Ultimate Communications App,\u201d with conclusion and revised introduction:\r\n
\r\n

Example<\/h3>\r\nSpeaking to an audience of first year university students in Canada, Charles Justice in \u201cThe Ultimate Communications App\u201d presents language as a new \u201ccommunications app\u201d that can inspire worldwide \u201ccooperation,\u201d overcome any \u201cconflict\u201d and produce an equally accessible and beneficial \u201ccommons.\u201d Through this novel presentation of language, Justice argues that while humans have become distanced into \u201coccupying different places\u201d through technological, agricultural and domestication evolution, it is the shared historical fact that humanity grew from the same original roots of collective language construction that unites every modern person to their human counterparts around the globe. Reiterating his definition of the common as \u201ca level-playing field,\u201d Justice concludes with a call to arms extolling humans to use all aspects of this \u201cnew app,\u201d language, to grasp their ethical responsibility not only to each other but to \u201cshare\u201d in the present concerns of a globalized population of humans in the entire \u201cEarth\u2019s biosphere.\u201d\r\n\r\nIn his coy opening paragraphs, Justice describes the many uses of language as if they are features of a \u201cnew communications app\u201d he \u201cjust invented.\u201d Justice notes how language use \u201cfacilitates an expanding network of people\u201d and \u201copens up incredible possibilities for creativity and cooperation.\u201d Such clever itemization of language\u2019s many features enables Justice to establish effectively language as a human tool that has at its root the human desire to connect and work together. Though centuries of migration and conflict may have turned the world into a \u201cTower of Babel\u201d in which populations are divided by different languages, \u201call of us living today have a common history\u201d in which language was developed first and foremost to create community.\r\n\r\nJustice stresses that such a created community is often defined by \u201ca commons,\u201d which he defines thusly: \u201cA commons is a level-playing field. Everybody gets to breathe air, and we have that in common with most other species.\u201d He establishes language as one of the first such commons, \u201cavailable to everyone free\u201d and a \u201ccommon way for us to share information and create enduring knowledge.\u201d Thus, whether it is being used to foster cooperation or perpetuate conflict, language has always been a commons accessible to all members who wish to contribute meaningfully to their community.\r\n\r\nJustice defines language as \u201cA method of communication that is available to virtually all humans to use;\u201d a \u201ccommon property, available to everyone free.\u201d Justice thereby establishes language as a common human right and desire\u2014an inherent need that is obvious even in the simple naming and describing of a \u201cproto-language\u201d like \u201cMe Tarzan, you Jane\u201d: \u201cOnce you begin to share information you are creating a common space of understanding amongst you and your fellow speakers.\u201d Even if that common space is used to express difference\u2014Tarzan is not<\/em> Jane\u2014it is still a vital tool that can ensure that even those who do not share opinions, backgrounds, or identities can still share ideas.\r\n\r\nJustice notes that sometimes such differences, even when expressed, still lead to divisions that may seem insurmountable. \u201cWe parcel up land into properties,\u201d Justice writes, marking our divisions from one another. In more extreme cases, we are \u201cseparated permanently by mountains or water barriers\u201d which seem to end definitively any sense or hope of unity: \u201cbecause of our success in outgrowing our original environment we ceased to have a common place and identity.\u201d This insurmountable division seems an unavoidable result of human evolution and prosperity, Justice implies\u2014as the earliest groups of humans thrived in their shared landscape, \u201ceventually, as population grew over generations, a new band would split off.\u201d Such splits would drive groups of humans further afield from one another, resulting in a mutual forgetting of their \u201ccommon place and identity\u201d and likely the \u201cevolution of different languages.\u201d\r\n\r\nYet, Justice claims, even as humans mark their property or separate themselves by mountains and water, it seems inherent in the human creation of place that \u201cmuch land is held in common in the form of parks, trackless wilderness, public rights of way and public spaces.\u201d Justice utilizes much natural imagery when defining \u201ca commons\u201d like language: \u201cThe sunlight that falls to earth is common to all, plants and animals on land, fish and the whales in the sea.\u201d Further, Justice asserts that \u201cHere in the rain forests of the Pacific Northwest, fresh water is a common resource,\u201d implying even has he invokes the human naming of a region, that this does not override the deeper human tendency to share resources and foster a space that is mutually beneficial.\r\n\r\nThis mutually beneficial space is a worldwide commons manifested and made accessible by language. Despite that fact that \u201cin outgrowing our original environment we ceased to have a common place and identity\u201d and despite this initial \u201coutgrowing\u201d producing varied groups with diverse languages and varying levels of prosperity, Justice still believes that language, that one commons that is accessible to all, can be the \u201clevel-playing field\u201d upon which all groups can interact and share. Like most successful technological innovations, this \u201cnew communications app\u201d is intuitive and accessible, addresses a common need, and possesses the ability to perform task thought previously to be impossible.\r\n\r\nJustice\u2019s cunning misrepresentation of language as a \u201cnew communications app\u201d encourages his readers to consider language in a new way, to shirk off the notions of defeatism and division that often accompany discussions of language and recognize it instead as a \u201cfree\u201d application that is linked ineluctably with the very \u201chumanity and human origins\u201d we have \u201cin common with everyone else alive today.\u201d Viewed in this way, the many languages across the globe present a challenge, but they do not simply create a frustrated and disconnected \u201cTower of Babel. Instead, they represent a gigantic \u201clevel-playing field\u201d that spans the entire commons that is the \u201cEarth\u2019s biosphere.\u201d\r\n\r\nJustice does well to misrepresent language as \u201cThe Ultimate Communications App,\u201d for in the technologically-driven, always-connected world of his intended audience, access to the latest, most innovative internet and smartphone applications is almost always regarded as advantageous. The pretence of promising a new and free communications app that \u201ccan be used by almost everyone\u201d and \u201cworks anywhere and anytime, night or day\u201d is used by Justice to engage and enrapture his audience who presumably would be interested in an application that appears to be the manifestation of a \u201clevel-playing field\u201d offering everyone equal access to the world\u2019s information. Though readers will eventually realize that Justice has \u201clied\u201d and has not invented a new communications app, they will have likely also realized that they have already completed the \u201cfour years\u201d required to properly \u201cdownload\u201d language and are already well-equipped to not only share but also contribute to humanity\u2019s \u201cenduring knowledge.\u201d Justice\u2019s demonstration that the creation of an ultimate communications app would be welcomed almost universally is coupled with his eventual revelation that this \u201capp,\u201d language, has existed for centuries and has been mastered by billions. Justice thereby inspires his audience to use their mastery of language to connect across the \u201cmanifest diversity\u201d of their shared biosphere and foster the innate human desire for community and communication.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n ","rendered":"

Here, finally is our complete analytical essay of Charles Justice\u2019s \u201cThe Ultimate Communications App,\u201d with conclusion and revised introduction:<\/p>\n

\n

Example<\/h3>\n

Speaking to an audience of first year university students in Canada, Charles Justice in \u201cThe Ultimate Communications App\u201d presents language as a new \u201ccommunications app\u201d that can inspire worldwide \u201ccooperation,\u201d overcome any \u201cconflict\u201d and produce an equally accessible and beneficial \u201ccommons.\u201d Through this novel presentation of language, Justice argues that while humans have become distanced into \u201coccupying different places\u201d through technological, agricultural and domestication evolution, it is the shared historical fact that humanity grew from the same original roots of collective language construction that unites every modern person to their human counterparts around the globe. Reiterating his definition of the common as \u201ca level-playing field,\u201d Justice concludes with a call to arms extolling humans to use all aspects of this \u201cnew app,\u201d language, to grasp their ethical responsibility not only to each other but to \u201cshare\u201d in the present concerns of a globalized population of humans in the entire \u201cEarth\u2019s biosphere.\u201d<\/p>\n

In his coy opening paragraphs, Justice describes the many uses of language as if they are features of a \u201cnew communications app\u201d he \u201cjust invented.\u201d Justice notes how language use \u201cfacilitates an expanding network of people\u201d and \u201copens up incredible possibilities for creativity and cooperation.\u201d Such clever itemization of language\u2019s many features enables Justice to establish effectively language as a human tool that has at its root the human desire to connect and work together. Though centuries of migration and conflict may have turned the world into a \u201cTower of Babel\u201d in which populations are divided by different languages, \u201call of us living today have a common history\u201d in which language was developed first and foremost to create community.<\/p>\n

Justice stresses that such a created community is often defined by \u201ca commons,\u201d which he defines thusly: \u201cA commons is a level-playing field. Everybody gets to breathe air, and we have that in common with most other species.\u201d He establishes language as one of the first such commons, \u201cavailable to everyone free\u201d and a \u201ccommon way for us to share information and create enduring knowledge.\u201d Thus, whether it is being used to foster cooperation or perpetuate conflict, language has always been a commons accessible to all members who wish to contribute meaningfully to their community.<\/p>\n

Justice defines language as \u201cA method of communication that is available to virtually all humans to use;\u201d a \u201ccommon property, available to everyone free.\u201d Justice thereby establishes language as a common human right and desire\u2014an inherent need that is obvious even in the simple naming and describing of a \u201cproto-language\u201d like \u201cMe Tarzan, you Jane\u201d: \u201cOnce you begin to share information you are creating a common space of understanding amongst you and your fellow speakers.\u201d Even if that common space is used to express difference\u2014Tarzan is not<\/em> Jane\u2014it is still a vital tool that can ensure that even those who do not share opinions, backgrounds, or identities can still share ideas.<\/p>\n

Justice notes that sometimes such differences, even when expressed, still lead to divisions that may seem insurmountable. \u201cWe parcel up land into properties,\u201d Justice writes, marking our divisions from one another. In more extreme cases, we are \u201cseparated permanently by mountains or water barriers\u201d which seem to end definitively any sense or hope of unity: \u201cbecause of our success in outgrowing our original environment we ceased to have a common place and identity.\u201d This insurmountable division seems an unavoidable result of human evolution and prosperity, Justice implies\u2014as the earliest groups of humans thrived in their shared landscape, \u201ceventually, as population grew over generations, a new band would split off.\u201d Such splits would drive groups of humans further afield from one another, resulting in a mutual forgetting of their \u201ccommon place and identity\u201d and likely the \u201cevolution of different languages.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yet, Justice claims, even as humans mark their property or separate themselves by mountains and water, it seems inherent in the human creation of place that \u201cmuch land is held in common in the form of parks, trackless wilderness, public rights of way and public spaces.\u201d Justice utilizes much natural imagery when defining \u201ca commons\u201d like language: \u201cThe sunlight that falls to earth is common to all, plants and animals on land, fish and the whales in the sea.\u201d Further, Justice asserts that \u201cHere in the rain forests of the Pacific Northwest, fresh water is a common resource,\u201d implying even has he invokes the human naming of a region, that this does not override the deeper human tendency to share resources and foster a space that is mutually beneficial.<\/p>\n

This mutually beneficial space is a worldwide commons manifested and made accessible by language. Despite that fact that \u201cin outgrowing our original environment we ceased to have a common place and identity\u201d and despite this initial \u201coutgrowing\u201d producing varied groups with diverse languages and varying levels of prosperity, Justice still believes that language, that one commons that is accessible to all, can be the \u201clevel-playing field\u201d upon which all groups can interact and share. Like most successful technological innovations, this \u201cnew communications app\u201d is intuitive and accessible, addresses a common need, and possesses the ability to perform task thought previously to be impossible.<\/p>\n

Justice\u2019s cunning misrepresentation of language as a \u201cnew communications app\u201d encourages his readers to consider language in a new way, to shirk off the notions of defeatism and division that often accompany discussions of language and recognize it instead as a \u201cfree\u201d application that is linked ineluctably with the very \u201chumanity and human origins\u201d we have \u201cin common with everyone else alive today.\u201d Viewed in this way, the many languages across the globe present a challenge, but they do not simply create a frustrated and disconnected \u201cTower of Babel. Instead, they represent a gigantic \u201clevel-playing field\u201d that spans the entire commons that is the \u201cEarth\u2019s biosphere.\u201d<\/p>\n

Justice does well to misrepresent language as \u201cThe Ultimate Communications App,\u201d for in the technologically-driven, always-connected world of his intended audience, access to the latest, most innovative internet and smartphone applications is almost always regarded as advantageous. The pretence of promising a new and free communications app that \u201ccan be used by almost everyone\u201d and \u201cworks anywhere and anytime, night or day\u201d is used by Justice to engage and enrapture his audience who presumably would be interested in an application that appears to be the manifestation of a \u201clevel-playing field\u201d offering everyone equal access to the world\u2019s information. Though readers will eventually realize that Justice has \u201clied\u201d and has not invented a new communications app, they will have likely also realized that they have already completed the \u201cfour years\u201d required to properly \u201cdownload\u201d language and are already well-equipped to not only share but also contribute to humanity\u2019s \u201cenduring knowledge.\u201d Justice\u2019s demonstration that the creation of an ultimate communications app would be welcomed almost universally is coupled with his eventual revelation that this \u201capp,\u201d language, has existed for centuries and has been mastered by billions. Justice thereby inspires his audience to use their mastery of language to connect across the \u201cmanifest diversity\u201d of their shared biosphere and foster the innate human desire for community and communication.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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