{"id":1443,"date":"2018-06-12T13:03:34","date_gmt":"2018-06-12T13:03:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/writehere\/?post_type=part&#038;p=1443"},"modified":"2018-09-10T14:28:43","modified_gmt":"2018-09-10T14:28:43","slug":"part-i-introduction","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/part\/part-i-introduction\/","title":{"raw":"Part I: Introduction","rendered":"Part I: Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"In this introduction we will:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Lay out the basic structure for the textbook<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Read the essay <em>\u201c<\/em>The Plot to Privatize Common Knowledge<em>\u201d<\/em> by David Bollier<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write a brief essay in response to <em>\u201c<\/em>The Plot to Privatize Common Knowledge<em>\u201d<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Complete a self-evaluation of your own essay<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_133\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/writehere\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2017\/05\/img_01.jpg\" alt=\"Person reading a book.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-133\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" \/> Reading (CC BY 2.0) by Sam Greenhalgh[\/caption]\r\n<h1>Getting Started<\/h1>\r\nThis textbook is divided into two parts with each of those two parts built around outlining and completing the process of writing a single assignment. Ideally, each chapter is meant to be paired with one week of classroom time and so, the idea is that by reading a chapter a week and then practicing the tools and techniques during class time where you can get feedback from your peers and professor you will be slowly and methodically building strong reading and writing habits that will help you throughout your university career. Each chapter has three videos that will give you the opportunity to pause, rewind, and re-watch the brief lectures to ensure that you are comfortable with the terminology and techniques being taught in this textbook.\r\n\r\nPart I: Chapters 1 through 6 will focus on writing a close reading essay while Part II: Chapters 7-13 will focus on writing an argumentative essay in which you will make your own argument in response to an essay prompt. We will not get into too much detail about Part II for now as it relies on Chapters 1-6 to lay the foundation for the skills needed to write an argumentative essay. Instead, we will use this introduction to focus on your first assignment: writing a close reading essay.\r\n\r\nA <strong>close reading essay<\/strong> is an essay that analyzes another author\u2019s complex argument. In order to write a close reading essay, however, you will need a variety of other tools and skills including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Reading critically with a pen in your hand, taking notes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Analyzing a text by looking for key observations and pieces of evidence<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Focusing your analysis on key portions of a text, rather than trying to cover the whole essay<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reconstructing the author\u2019s complex argument based on the focused evidence you identify<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Expanding out to consider the full scale of the author\u2019s complex argument<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Writing a thesis statement that proposes an analysis of the author\u2019s complex argument<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Expanding that thesis into an essay with logically constructed paragraphs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Revising your thesis and your essay at multiple points throughout the process of completing your close reading essay<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nTo begin acquiring and reaffirming these tools and skills, we are going to do a short writing activity that will help you evaluate your strengths and weaknesses at this point. We are deliberately not going to give you a whole lot of specific direction at this point and we want to see what skills and tools you already possess and what areas you may want to focus on as a way of improving.\r\n<h1>Try This!<\/h1>\r\nRead David Bollier\u2019s <em>\u201c<\/em>The Plot to Privatize Common Knowledge<em>\u201d<\/em> and once you have completed reading it, write a brief 250-word essay analyzing the author\u2019s argument. Again, we are going to use the upcoming chapters to build up a vocabulary and skill set to help you improve your writing, but the point of having you write the essay at this point is to assess what strengths and weaknesses you possess at this point.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.onthecommons.org\/magazine\/the-plot-to-privatize-common-knowledge\">\"The Plot to Privatize Common Knowledge,\" by David Bollier<\/a>\r\n\r\nOver the past three decades, modern culture has become infatuated with the idea that knowledge should be owned like real estate or stock shares. The original idea, of course, is that copyrights, trademarks and patents reward people for their creative labors and thereby boosts the common good.\r\n\r\nBut this line of thinking has come to resemble a kind of Market Fundamentalism: copyrights, trademarks and patents are the only morally legitimate and practical method for managing creations of the mind. There is no middle ground. You either believe in intellectual property rights, or you support \u201ctheft\u201d and \u201cpiracy.\r\n\r\nThis fundamentalist approach shuts down a broader discussion about how knowledge ought to circulate in our culture. To avoid any confusion, let me just say straight-up that I believe in copyrights and patents. \u00a0In some cases, they provide significant and necessary incentives to invest in new works. But today, copyrights and patents are going far beyond their intended goals\u2014such as the U.S. Constitution provision to \u201cpromote progress in science and the useful arts\u201d\u2014to become ends in themselves. Instead of carefully balancing private interests and public needs, copyrights and patents are becoming crude, anti-social instruments of control and avarice.\r\n\r\nThis is the conclusion that I came to in my book <em>Brand Name Bullies<\/em>, which is filled with dozens of stories of copyright and trademark owners bullying citizens, artists, scholars and others with ridiculous legal threats.\r\n<h2>Silent Campfires<\/h2>\r\nOne of my favorite stories about the alarming expansion of copyright law involves ASCAP, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, the organization \u00a0that collects performance licensing fees from public establishments where recorded music is played.\r\n\r\nASCAP decided that their domain should be extended to summer camps. Why shouldn\u2019t boys and girls singing around the campfire be considered a \u201cpublic performance\u201d that should pay royalties? A while back ASCAP approached the American Camping Association and said it wanted blanket performance licenses from hundreds of summer camps\u2014 something on the order of $300 to $1,400 per season per camp.\r\n\r\nThis caused quite a ruckus. When it was discovered that ASCAP wanted money for the Girl Scouts to sing \u201cThis Land Is Your Land\u201d and \u201cPuff, the Magic Dragon\u201d, the press went nuts. There were stories about camps resorting to non-copyrighted songs like \u201cThe Bow-Legged Chicken.\u201d An ASCAP official heartlessly told a reporter: \u201cThey [camps] buy paper, twine and glue for their crafts \u2013 they can pay for the music too.\u201d Eventually, after a huge public outcry, ASCAP backed down. But its claim to legal authority in charging summer camps for their \u201cpublic performances\u201d of copyrighted songs remains intact.\r\n<h2>Lawsuit Barbie<\/h2>\r\nThe issue in so many of these battles is: Who shall control the \u201cpublic meaning\u201d of familiar images? Mattel is legendary in trying to protect the cultural \u201cmeaning\u201d of Barbie. It has gone after any unauthorized uses of Barbie. It went after a series of photographs by Mark Napier called Distorted Barbie, which dared to depict Barbie as fat or as having Down\u2019s Syndrome. Even highly distorted images of Barbie that were essentially unrecognizable were deemed unacceptable by Mattel.\r\n\r\nMattel went \u00a0after a magazine that caters to adult collectors of Barbie dolls. Mattel even pressured the Seattle publisher of a book, <em>Adios, Barbie: Young Women Write About Body Image and Identity<\/em>, to change the title. The book was reprinted as <em>Body Outlaws<\/em>. This extreme clampdown on free expression \u00a0spurred culture-jammers, such as the self-styled Barbie Liberation Organization, which substituted voice boxes of GI Joe with those in Barbie, so that GI Joe would say, \u201cLet\u2019s plan our dream wedding,\u201d and Barbie would yell, \u201cVengeance is mine!\u201d\r\n\r\nI am happy to report, a federal circuit court in the United States \u00a0put a damper on Mattel\u2019s bullying litigation. The case involved Utah photographer Tom Forsythe, who made a series of 78 photos of Barbie for his <em>Food Chain Barbie<\/em> exhibit. It featured Barbie in enchiladas, stuffed into a blender and in other kitchen poses. Only a few of Forsythe\u2019s photos sold. He spent about $5,000 to mount the exhibit, and lost money. No matter; Mattel wanted to send a message that you can\u2019t mess with Barbie. It spent years litigating the case, requiring Forsythe to find pro bono legal counsel, which spent nearly $2 million defending him. Forsythe prevailed in the circuit court, which delivered a stinging rebuke to Mattel for bringing a \u201cgroundless and unreasonable\u201d trademark dilution claim.\r\n<h2>Watch Your Words<\/h2>\r\nThe privatization of words\u2014language is one of the most basic form of commons\u2014 is another disturbing trend. The Japanese corporation that owns the \u201cGodzilla\u201d trademark has a habit of threatening all sorts of people who use the phoneme \u201czilla,\u201d including a website called \u201cDavezilla\u201d that featured a lizard-like cartoon character.\r\n\r\nThe corporate obsession with owning words is really quite extensive. McDonald\u2019s claims to own 131 words and phrases. The San Diego-based McDonald\u2019s actually claims to own the Irish prefix \u201cMc.\u201d It has successfully prevented restaurant \u00a0from naming their businesses McVegan, McSushi and McMunchies.\r\n\r\nRalph Lauren, the clothing line, went after Polo magazine, run by an equestrian organization, claiming it was a trademark infringement for the U.S. Polo Association to use the word \u201cpolo\u201d on its line of clothing! MasterCard went after Ralph Nader for using \u201cpriceless\u201d in his campaign ads when running for President in 2000. \u00a0(Nader\u2019s free speech rights ultimately prevailed.) \u00a0But the gay athletes who wanted to host a series of athletic competitions in San Francisco could not use the phrase \u201cGay Olympics\u201d because that phrase is owned by the U.S. Olympic Committee, who gets to decide who can use it. \u201cSpecial Olympics\u201d for disabled kids is OK, but not \u201cGay Olympics.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe TV demagogue Bill O\u2019Reilly reportedly went ballistic when he learned that the comedian (and now senator) Al Franken was using the words \u201cfair and balanced\u201d as a subtitle in his book that mocked various right-wing pundit, including him. The federal court laughed Fox News\u2019 case out of court, and Franken won. But pity the people who can\u2019t afford to hire Floyd Abrams, a prominent First Amendment attorney, to represent them. A woman from Los Angeles dared to name her neighborhood newspaper the <em>Beechwood Voice<\/em>. She was threatened with legal action by the <em>Village Voice<\/em>, which claimed that use of the word \u201cvoice\u201d as a newspaper name diluted its trademark.\r\n\r\nThese stories illustrate just how far Market Fundamentalism is willing to go in order to enforce its vision of the world. It wants to commodify all of culture as private property, and require people to obtain permission (and to make royalties) before embarking on any modestly derivative new creativity. This approach, not coincidentally, favors the Disneys, Time Warners and Rupert Murdochs because it protects the market value of large inventories of copyrighted and trademarked works. It directly stifles expression that is local, amateur, small-scale or non-commercial in nature\u2014the kind of expression that almost anyone outside a powerful corporation would engage in. This amounts to a wholesale privatization of our cultural commons.\r\n<h2>Patents Privatize Taxpayer-Funded Research<\/h2>\r\nThe Market Fundamentalist worldview is even more infuriating, if that is possible, when applied to patents arising out of publicly funded research. \u00a0Until 35 years ago, there had been a broad consensus that the intellectual property rights of federal research should stay in the public domain, or at least be licensed on a nonexclusive basis. That way, taxpayers could reap the full measure of value from their collective investments. In the late 1970s, however, large pharmaceutical, electronics and chemical companies mounted a bold lobbying campaign to reverse the public ownership of federal research. Since enactment of Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, authorizing universities to patent the fruits of federally funded research, we have seen a land rush to sell academic research that was once freely available to all.\r\n\r\nBetween 1980 and 2000, the number of patents secured by universities grew ten-fold, bringing in more than $1 billion in royalties and licensing fees\u2014a windfall enjoyed mostly by a dozen top research universities. This, in reality, is a privatization of the public\u2019s investments. Even though the public pays for the lion\u2019s share of risky basic research for new drugs, the long-term equity returns tend to go to drug companies and a handful of top research universities. In the United States, we have seen this with the cancer drug Taxol; the anti-depressant Prozac; the hypertension drug Capoten; and a number of HIV and AIDS therapies.\r\n\r\nThe upshot is that citizens often have to pay twice for pharmaceuticals and other medical treatments\u2014first, as taxpayers who finance the research, and second, as consumers who pay monopoly prices for drugs. This is a pure giveaway because it\u2019s not even clear that companies need exclusive patent rights as an incentive to commercialize new drug research.\r\n<h2>Corporations Loot Indigenous People\u2019s Knowledge<\/h2>\r\nMultinational corporations are no longer content to simply claim ownership of commons knowledge at home. Now they scour the developing world\u2014in a practice known as biopiracy\u2014to claim patents on the botanical and ecological knowledge acquired by indigenous people through the centuries. They move into Madagascar, Brazil, Guatemala and other poor countries to find plants and microorganisms that might be used in making new medicines and genetically engineered crops. But as Seth Shulman writes in his book <em>Owning the Future<\/em>, \u201cWho, if anyone, should be able to claim ownership rights to the globe\u2019s genetic and cultural inheritance?\u201d\r\n\r\nSir John Sulston answers this question eloquently in his book, <em>The Common Thread<\/em>, which chronicles the race to de-code the human genome. A private startup company, Celera, was aggressively trying to put genomic sequences in one big privatized database. That way, it would have a monopoly over future use of the genomic data by licensing access to its database. Fortunately, a coalition of public-sector scientists published the data first, which is why the human genome is now in the public domain. Sulston \u00a0answers, quite rightly, that the human genome must be treated as the \u201ccommon heritage of humankind.\u201d\r\n<h2>Life Itself Can Now Be Owned<\/h2>\r\nWe dodged a bullet there when the publicly funded scientists won the race to decode human genome. Yet the threat of private ownership of essential knowledge for the sake of profits is not by any means over. Further attempts will by the logical culmination of a path first opened by the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s <em>Diamond v. Chakrabarty<\/em> ruling in 1980, which authorized the patenting of live, genetically altered microorganisms. The patenting of living organisms opened the way for an ecologically and ethically dubious future in which the life forms that are part of the sacred web of life can be owned and treated as commodities. Knowledge is treated as private property, not as a public good.\r\n\r\nOne inevitable result of all these new ownership claims is the rise of new barriers to open sharing, collaboration and discovery among researchers and scholars. Patents are increasingly being granted for \u201cupstream\u201d research, which means that basic knowledge that everyone else must use for the field to advance, is becoming proprietary. Harvard, MIT and the Whitehead Institute, for example, have a patent on all drugs that inhibit something known as NF-kB cell signaling. Since this physiological process is believed to have something to do with many diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis, the patent deters anyone else from pursuing their own scientific investigations in this area.\r\n\r\nThings were not always this way concerning valuable knowledge. Contrast these stories with Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine. When journalist Edward R. Murrow asked him, \u201cWho owns the patent on this vaccine?\u201d Salk replied, \u201cWell, the people, I would say. There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?\u201d This story helps us remember that current notions about ownership of knowledge are not inevitable and universal; they are the result of mounting market pressures to make our scientific and cultural commons into private property.\r\n\r\nThe privatization of knowledge has only intensified as the courts\u2014in the United States, at least\u2014have lowered the standards for obtaining patents while broadening the scope of what is patentable. It is now possible to own mathematical algorithms embedded in software programs. The very tools needed to conduct scientific research are now private property, available only for a steep fee.\r\n\r\nImagine what might have happened to biotechnology and computer science if contemporary patent rules had been in place in the 1950s and 1960s. Neither the biotech nor the computer revolution would have occurred in the first place. Too much fundamental knowledge would have been off limits due to patents.\r\n<h2>Problem of the Anti-Commons<\/h2>\r\nThe over-patenting of knowledge sometimes results in what is called an \u201canti-commons\u201d problem, in which property rights for a given field of research are so numerous and fragmented that it becomes very difficult to conduct research. The transaction costs for obtaining rights are simply too numerous and costly. For example, there are thirty-four \u201cpatent families\u201d for a single malarial antigen, and those rights, applying to different pieces of the research agenda, are owned by different parties in many different countries. One reason that a malaria vaccine has been so elusive is because the patent rights are so complicated and expensive to secure.\r\n\r\nIt is worth noting that openness, sharing and the public domain do not harm the market. Quite the contrary. They invigorate it. In 2005, I co-hosted a conference called <em>Ready to Share: Fashion and the Ownership of Creativity<\/em>. It explored the power of openness in apparel design. Precisely because no one can own the creative design of clothes\u2014they can only own the company name and logo, as trademarks\u2014everyone can participate in the design commons. The result is a more robust, innovative and competitive marketplace. This is exactly the effect that Linux, the open-source computer operating system, had on the software sector. It has opened up new opportunities for value-added innovation and competition in a marketplace until then dominated by the Microsoft monopoly.\r\n\r\nYale Professor Yochai Benkler argues in his magisterial book, <em>The Wealth of Networks<\/em>, that a great deal of knowledge production is more effectively pursued through a commons than through markets. Questions of ethics aside, why doesn\u2019t money succeed at simply \u201cbuying\u201d the knowledge it needs? Because money tends to subvert the social dynamics that make the knowledge commons work. It can sabotage self-directed inquiry. It undermines the social trust, candor and ethics that are essential to creativity and good research.\r\n\r\nRepublished here under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>After You Have Finished Writing Your Essay<\/h1>\r\nNow that you have a 250-word essay in which you analyze Bollier\u2019s complex argument, you are going to do a brief self-evaluation of your work. Complete the <strong>Essay Self-Evaluation<\/strong> below. Each question requires a \u201cYes\u201d or \u201cNo\u201d answer. For each \u201cYes\u201d response, give yourself one point. For each \"No\" response give yourself zero points. Your final score will be mark out of ten (ex: Seven \u201cYes\u201d responses = 7\/10). Be honest with yourself. This is not for grades and is meant as an assessment tool so that you have a better sense of yourself as a writer and your strengths and weaknesses at this point.\r\n<h1>Essay Self-Evaluation<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Taking Measure<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Do you begin your essay with a thesis focused on the purpose of the text? <strong>Remember<\/strong>: a thesis must be something a reader can agree or disagree with; a fact, summary or an opinion is not an argument.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">2. Does your thesis make an<strong> interpretive claim<\/strong> about the text (i.e. do you make a claim about the text that is not obvious and is more than a simple summary of the text)?<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">3. Do you use the author\u2019s name and the title of the essay in your argument? <strong>Hint<\/strong>: if you do not, you are not making an argument about the text.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">4. Does your thesis statement quote specific parts of the text as evidence?<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">5. Do you discuss a new aspect of the text in every paragraph (rather than repeat the same observation over and over)? Please answer \u201cNo\u201d if your essay is only one paragraph.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">6. Do you stay focused on the assigned text and avoid irrelevant \u201cevidence\u201d from outside the text (ex: personal experiences, facts or opinions you have read somewhere else, vague references to history)?<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">7. Do you avoid the <strong>five-paragraph essay<\/strong> (vague introduction, three body paragraphs for every piece of repetitive \u201cevidence,\u201d a conclusion that repeats your introduction)?<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">8. Do you cite from the text and use <strong>specific<\/strong> textual evidence while making your points in your body paragraphs and conclusion?<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">9. Do you use the specific terms used in the text rather than generalizing terms like \u201cpeople\u201d or \u201csociety\u201d?<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">10. Do you culminate rather than simply repeat your essay in your conclusion? Do you finish with a claim about what your unique \u00a0reading has discovered about the text?<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\r\n<strong>BONUS<\/strong>: Take a moment to read aloud what you have written. Were you able to read it from start to finish without stumbling? Does it make sense?\r\n\r\nY\/N\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Total: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/10<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Thinking Ahead...<\/h1>\r\nMake sure that you keep reviewing your essay and your self-evaluation over the next few weeks as we will be using it for a variety of purposes in the upcoming chapters. It is also useful to have it nearby to remind yourself of the progress you are making. If you gave yourself a score that is lower than you would like to achieve in the future, this essay will serve as a reminder and motivator in the weeks ahead. You will get better as we add more tools that will allow you better to articulate your interesting and complex thoughts and insights.\r\n\r\nAs you work through each chapter in this textbook, you will find yourself adding different tools to make your work sharper and more coherent. This is a process and it does require patience and practice. Your first task is to slow down. Chapter 1 is all about taking your time and analyzing a text before jumping to conclusions about what its \u201cmeaning\u201d might be. In order to build an effective and complex close reading essay, you must slow down and gather the best and most compelling evidence from the author\u2019s text. In Chapter 1 we will explain and demonstrate this process and then you will practice it.","rendered":"<p>In this introduction we will:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lay out the basic structure for the textbook<\/li>\n<li>Read the essay <em>\u201c<\/em>The Plot to Privatize Common Knowledge<em>\u201d<\/em> by David Bollier<\/li>\n<li>Write a brief essay in response to <em>\u201c<\/em>The Plot to Privatize Common Knowledge<em>\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Complete a self-evaluation of your own essay<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_133\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca\/writehere\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2017\/05\/img_01.jpg\" alt=\"Person reading a book.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-133\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2017\/05\/img_01.jpg 600w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2017\/05\/img_01-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2017\/05\/img_01-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2017\/05\/img_01-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2017\/05\/img_01-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reading (CC BY 2.0) by Sam Greenhalgh<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Getting Started<\/h1>\n<p>This textbook is divided into two parts with each of those two parts built around outlining and completing the process of writing a single assignment. Ideally, each chapter is meant to be paired with one week of classroom time and so, the idea is that by reading a chapter a week and then practicing the tools and techniques during class time where you can get feedback from your peers and professor you will be slowly and methodically building strong reading and writing habits that will help you throughout your university career. Each chapter has three videos that will give you the opportunity to pause, rewind, and re-watch the brief lectures to ensure that you are comfortable with the terminology and techniques being taught in this textbook.<\/p>\n<p>Part I: Chapters 1 through 6 will focus on writing a close reading essay while Part II: Chapters 7-13 will focus on writing an argumentative essay in which you will make your own argument in response to an essay prompt. We will not get into too much detail about Part II for now as it relies on Chapters 1-6 to lay the foundation for the skills needed to write an argumentative essay. Instead, we will use this introduction to focus on your first assignment: writing a close reading essay.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>close reading essay<\/strong> is an essay that analyzes another author\u2019s complex argument. In order to write a close reading essay, however, you will need a variety of other tools and skills including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reading critically with a pen in your hand, taking notes<\/li>\n<li>Analyzing a text by looking for key observations and pieces of evidence<\/li>\n<li>Focusing your analysis on key portions of a text, rather than trying to cover the whole essay<\/li>\n<li>Reconstructing the author\u2019s complex argument based on the focused evidence you identify<\/li>\n<li>Expanding out to consider the full scale of the author\u2019s complex argument<\/li>\n<li>Writing a thesis statement that proposes an analysis of the author\u2019s complex argument<\/li>\n<li>Expanding that thesis into an essay with logically constructed paragraphs<\/li>\n<li>Revising your thesis and your essay at multiple points throughout the process of completing your close reading essay<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To begin acquiring and reaffirming these tools and skills, we are going to do a short writing activity that will help you evaluate your strengths and weaknesses at this point. We are deliberately not going to give you a whole lot of specific direction at this point and we want to see what skills and tools you already possess and what areas you may want to focus on as a way of improving.<\/p>\n<h1>Try This!<\/h1>\n<p>Read David Bollier\u2019s <em>\u201c<\/em>The Plot to Privatize Common Knowledge<em>\u201d<\/em> and once you have completed reading it, write a brief 250-word essay analyzing the author\u2019s argument. Again, we are going to use the upcoming chapters to build up a vocabulary and skill set to help you improve your writing, but the point of having you write the essay at this point is to assess what strengths and weaknesses you possess at this point.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.onthecommons.org\/magazine\/the-plot-to-privatize-common-knowledge\">&#8220;The Plot to Privatize Common Knowledge,&#8221; by David Bollier<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Over the past three decades, modern culture has become infatuated with the idea that knowledge should be owned like real estate or stock shares. The original idea, of course, is that copyrights, trademarks and patents reward people for their creative labors and thereby boosts the common good.<\/p>\n<p>But this line of thinking has come to resemble a kind of Market Fundamentalism: copyrights, trademarks and patents are the only morally legitimate and practical method for managing creations of the mind. There is no middle ground. You either believe in intellectual property rights, or you support \u201ctheft\u201d and \u201cpiracy.<\/p>\n<p>This fundamentalist approach shuts down a broader discussion about how knowledge ought to circulate in our culture. To avoid any confusion, let me just say straight-up that I believe in copyrights and patents. \u00a0In some cases, they provide significant and necessary incentives to invest in new works. But today, copyrights and patents are going far beyond their intended goals\u2014such as the U.S. Constitution provision to \u201cpromote progress in science and the useful arts\u201d\u2014to become ends in themselves. Instead of carefully balancing private interests and public needs, copyrights and patents are becoming crude, anti-social instruments of control and avarice.<\/p>\n<p>This is the conclusion that I came to in my book <em>Brand Name Bullies<\/em>, which is filled with dozens of stories of copyright and trademark owners bullying citizens, artists, scholars and others with ridiculous legal threats.<\/p>\n<h2>Silent Campfires<\/h2>\n<p>One of my favorite stories about the alarming expansion of copyright law involves ASCAP, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, the organization \u00a0that collects performance licensing fees from public establishments where recorded music is played.<\/p>\n<p>ASCAP decided that their domain should be extended to summer camps. Why shouldn\u2019t boys and girls singing around the campfire be considered a \u201cpublic performance\u201d that should pay royalties? A while back ASCAP approached the American Camping Association and said it wanted blanket performance licenses from hundreds of summer camps\u2014 something on the order of $300 to $1,400 per season per camp.<\/p>\n<p>This caused quite a ruckus. When it was discovered that ASCAP wanted money for the Girl Scouts to sing \u201cThis Land Is Your Land\u201d and \u201cPuff, the Magic Dragon\u201d, the press went nuts. There were stories about camps resorting to non-copyrighted songs like \u201cThe Bow-Legged Chicken.\u201d An ASCAP official heartlessly told a reporter: \u201cThey [camps] buy paper, twine and glue for their crafts \u2013 they can pay for the music too.\u201d Eventually, after a huge public outcry, ASCAP backed down. But its claim to legal authority in charging summer camps for their \u201cpublic performances\u201d of copyrighted songs remains intact.<\/p>\n<h2>Lawsuit Barbie<\/h2>\n<p>The issue in so many of these battles is: Who shall control the \u201cpublic meaning\u201d of familiar images? Mattel is legendary in trying to protect the cultural \u201cmeaning\u201d of Barbie. It has gone after any unauthorized uses of Barbie. It went after a series of photographs by Mark Napier called Distorted Barbie, which dared to depict Barbie as fat or as having Down\u2019s Syndrome. Even highly distorted images of Barbie that were essentially unrecognizable were deemed unacceptable by Mattel.<\/p>\n<p>Mattel went \u00a0after a magazine that caters to adult collectors of Barbie dolls. Mattel even pressured the Seattle publisher of a book, <em>Adios, Barbie: Young Women Write About Body Image and Identity<\/em>, to change the title. The book was reprinted as <em>Body Outlaws<\/em>. This extreme clampdown on free expression \u00a0spurred culture-jammers, such as the self-styled Barbie Liberation Organization, which substituted voice boxes of GI Joe with those in Barbie, so that GI Joe would say, \u201cLet\u2019s plan our dream wedding,\u201d and Barbie would yell, \u201cVengeance is mine!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>I am happy to report, a federal circuit court in the United States \u00a0put a damper on Mattel\u2019s bullying litigation. The case involved Utah photographer Tom Forsythe, who made a series of 78 photos of Barbie for his <em>Food Chain Barbie<\/em> exhibit. It featured Barbie in enchiladas, stuffed into a blender and in other kitchen poses. Only a few of Forsythe\u2019s photos sold. He spent about $5,000 to mount the exhibit, and lost money. No matter; Mattel wanted to send a message that you can\u2019t mess with Barbie. It spent years litigating the case, requiring Forsythe to find pro bono legal counsel, which spent nearly $2 million defending him. Forsythe prevailed in the circuit court, which delivered a stinging rebuke to Mattel for bringing a \u201cgroundless and unreasonable\u201d trademark dilution claim.<\/p>\n<h2>Watch Your Words<\/h2>\n<p>The privatization of words\u2014language is one of the most basic form of commons\u2014 is another disturbing trend. The Japanese corporation that owns the \u201cGodzilla\u201d trademark has a habit of threatening all sorts of people who use the phoneme \u201czilla,\u201d including a website called \u201cDavezilla\u201d that featured a lizard-like cartoon character.<\/p>\n<p>The corporate obsession with owning words is really quite extensive. McDonald\u2019s claims to own 131 words and phrases. The San Diego-based McDonald\u2019s actually claims to own the Irish prefix \u201cMc.\u201d It has successfully prevented restaurant \u00a0from naming their businesses McVegan, McSushi and McMunchies.<\/p>\n<p>Ralph Lauren, the clothing line, went after Polo magazine, run by an equestrian organization, claiming it was a trademark infringement for the U.S. Polo Association to use the word \u201cpolo\u201d on its line of clothing! MasterCard went after Ralph Nader for using \u201cpriceless\u201d in his campaign ads when running for President in 2000. \u00a0(Nader\u2019s free speech rights ultimately prevailed.) \u00a0But the gay athletes who wanted to host a series of athletic competitions in San Francisco could not use the phrase \u201cGay Olympics\u201d because that phrase is owned by the U.S. Olympic Committee, who gets to decide who can use it. \u201cSpecial Olympics\u201d for disabled kids is OK, but not \u201cGay Olympics.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The TV demagogue Bill O\u2019Reilly reportedly went ballistic when he learned that the comedian (and now senator) Al Franken was using the words \u201cfair and balanced\u201d as a subtitle in his book that mocked various right-wing pundit, including him. The federal court laughed Fox News\u2019 case out of court, and Franken won. But pity the people who can\u2019t afford to hire Floyd Abrams, a prominent First Amendment attorney, to represent them. A woman from Los Angeles dared to name her neighborhood newspaper the <em>Beechwood Voice<\/em>. She was threatened with legal action by the <em>Village Voice<\/em>, which claimed that use of the word \u201cvoice\u201d as a newspaper name diluted its trademark.<\/p>\n<p>These stories illustrate just how far Market Fundamentalism is willing to go in order to enforce its vision of the world. It wants to commodify all of culture as private property, and require people to obtain permission (and to make royalties) before embarking on any modestly derivative new creativity. This approach, not coincidentally, favors the Disneys, Time Warners and Rupert Murdochs because it protects the market value of large inventories of copyrighted and trademarked works. It directly stifles expression that is local, amateur, small-scale or non-commercial in nature\u2014the kind of expression that almost anyone outside a powerful corporation would engage in. This amounts to a wholesale privatization of our cultural commons.<\/p>\n<h2>Patents Privatize Taxpayer-Funded Research<\/h2>\n<p>The Market Fundamentalist worldview is even more infuriating, if that is possible, when applied to patents arising out of publicly funded research. \u00a0Until 35 years ago, there had been a broad consensus that the intellectual property rights of federal research should stay in the public domain, or at least be licensed on a nonexclusive basis. That way, taxpayers could reap the full measure of value from their collective investments. In the late 1970s, however, large pharmaceutical, electronics and chemical companies mounted a bold lobbying campaign to reverse the public ownership of federal research. Since enactment of Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, authorizing universities to patent the fruits of federally funded research, we have seen a land rush to sell academic research that was once freely available to all.<\/p>\n<p>Between 1980 and 2000, the number of patents secured by universities grew ten-fold, bringing in more than $1 billion in royalties and licensing fees\u2014a windfall enjoyed mostly by a dozen top research universities. This, in reality, is a privatization of the public\u2019s investments. Even though the public pays for the lion\u2019s share of risky basic research for new drugs, the long-term equity returns tend to go to drug companies and a handful of top research universities. In the United States, we have seen this with the cancer drug Taxol; the anti-depressant Prozac; the hypertension drug Capoten; and a number of HIV and AIDS therapies.<\/p>\n<p>The upshot is that citizens often have to pay twice for pharmaceuticals and other medical treatments\u2014first, as taxpayers who finance the research, and second, as consumers who pay monopoly prices for drugs. This is a pure giveaway because it\u2019s not even clear that companies need exclusive patent rights as an incentive to commercialize new drug research.<\/p>\n<h2>Corporations Loot Indigenous People\u2019s Knowledge<\/h2>\n<p>Multinational corporations are no longer content to simply claim ownership of commons knowledge at home. Now they scour the developing world\u2014in a practice known as biopiracy\u2014to claim patents on the botanical and ecological knowledge acquired by indigenous people through the centuries. They move into Madagascar, Brazil, Guatemala and other poor countries to find plants and microorganisms that might be used in making new medicines and genetically engineered crops. But as Seth Shulman writes in his book <em>Owning the Future<\/em>, \u201cWho, if anyone, should be able to claim ownership rights to the globe\u2019s genetic and cultural inheritance?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Sir John Sulston answers this question eloquently in his book, <em>The Common Thread<\/em>, which chronicles the race to de-code the human genome. A private startup company, Celera, was aggressively trying to put genomic sequences in one big privatized database. That way, it would have a monopoly over future use of the genomic data by licensing access to its database. Fortunately, a coalition of public-sector scientists published the data first, which is why the human genome is now in the public domain. Sulston \u00a0answers, quite rightly, that the human genome must be treated as the \u201ccommon heritage of humankind.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Life Itself Can Now Be Owned<\/h2>\n<p>We dodged a bullet there when the publicly funded scientists won the race to decode human genome. Yet the threat of private ownership of essential knowledge for the sake of profits is not by any means over. Further attempts will by the logical culmination of a path first opened by the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s <em>Diamond v. Chakrabarty<\/em> ruling in 1980, which authorized the patenting of live, genetically altered microorganisms. The patenting of living organisms opened the way for an ecologically and ethically dubious future in which the life forms that are part of the sacred web of life can be owned and treated as commodities. Knowledge is treated as private property, not as a public good.<\/p>\n<p>One inevitable result of all these new ownership claims is the rise of new barriers to open sharing, collaboration and discovery among researchers and scholars. Patents are increasingly being granted for \u201cupstream\u201d research, which means that basic knowledge that everyone else must use for the field to advance, is becoming proprietary. Harvard, MIT and the Whitehead Institute, for example, have a patent on all drugs that inhibit something known as NF-kB cell signaling. Since this physiological process is believed to have something to do with many diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis, the patent deters anyone else from pursuing their own scientific investigations in this area.<\/p>\n<p>Things were not always this way concerning valuable knowledge. Contrast these stories with Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine. When journalist Edward R. Murrow asked him, \u201cWho owns the patent on this vaccine?\u201d Salk replied, \u201cWell, the people, I would say. There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?\u201d This story helps us remember that current notions about ownership of knowledge are not inevitable and universal; they are the result of mounting market pressures to make our scientific and cultural commons into private property.<\/p>\n<p>The privatization of knowledge has only intensified as the courts\u2014in the United States, at least\u2014have lowered the standards for obtaining patents while broadening the scope of what is patentable. It is now possible to own mathematical algorithms embedded in software programs. The very tools needed to conduct scientific research are now private property, available only for a steep fee.<\/p>\n<p>Imagine what might have happened to biotechnology and computer science if contemporary patent rules had been in place in the 1950s and 1960s. Neither the biotech nor the computer revolution would have occurred in the first place. Too much fundamental knowledge would have been off limits due to patents.<\/p>\n<h2>Problem of the Anti-Commons<\/h2>\n<p>The over-patenting of knowledge sometimes results in what is called an \u201canti-commons\u201d problem, in which property rights for a given field of research are so numerous and fragmented that it becomes very difficult to conduct research. The transaction costs for obtaining rights are simply too numerous and costly. For example, there are thirty-four \u201cpatent families\u201d for a single malarial antigen, and those rights, applying to different pieces of the research agenda, are owned by different parties in many different countries. One reason that a malaria vaccine has been so elusive is because the patent rights are so complicated and expensive to secure.<\/p>\n<p>It is worth noting that openness, sharing and the public domain do not harm the market. Quite the contrary. They invigorate it. In 2005, I co-hosted a conference called <em>Ready to Share: Fashion and the Ownership of Creativity<\/em>. It explored the power of openness in apparel design. Precisely because no one can own the creative design of clothes\u2014they can only own the company name and logo, as trademarks\u2014everyone can participate in the design commons. The result is a more robust, innovative and competitive marketplace. This is exactly the effect that Linux, the open-source computer operating system, had on the software sector. It has opened up new opportunities for value-added innovation and competition in a marketplace until then dominated by the Microsoft monopoly.<\/p>\n<p>Yale Professor Yochai Benkler argues in his magisterial book, <em>The Wealth of Networks<\/em>, that a great deal of knowledge production is more effectively pursued through a commons than through markets. Questions of ethics aside, why doesn\u2019t money succeed at simply \u201cbuying\u201d the knowledge it needs? Because money tends to subvert the social dynamics that make the knowledge commons work. It can sabotage self-directed inquiry. It undermines the social trust, candor and ethics that are essential to creativity and good research.<\/p>\n<p>Republished here under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1>After You Have Finished Writing Your Essay<\/h1>\n<p>Now that you have a 250-word essay in which you analyze Bollier\u2019s complex argument, you are going to do a brief self-evaluation of your work. Complete the <strong>Essay Self-Evaluation<\/strong> below. Each question requires a \u201cYes\u201d or \u201cNo\u201d answer. For each \u201cYes\u201d response, give yourself one point. For each &#8220;No&#8221; response give yourself zero points. Your final score will be mark out of ten (ex: Seven \u201cYes\u201d responses = 7\/10). Be honest with yourself. This is not for grades and is meant as an assessment tool so that you have a better sense of yourself as a writer and your strengths and weaknesses at this point.<\/p>\n<h1>Essay Self-Evaluation<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Taking Measure<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Do you begin your essay with a thesis focused on the purpose of the text? <strong>Remember<\/strong>: a thesis must be something a reader can agree or disagree with; a fact, summary or an opinion is not an argument.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">2. Does your thesis make an<strong> interpretive claim<\/strong> about the text (i.e. do you make a claim about the text that is not obvious and is more than a simple summary of the text)?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">3. Do you use the author\u2019s name and the title of the essay in your argument? <strong>Hint<\/strong>: if you do not, you are not making an argument about the text.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">4. Does your thesis statement quote specific parts of the text as evidence?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">5. Do you discuss a new aspect of the text in every paragraph (rather than repeat the same observation over and over)? Please answer \u201cNo\u201d if your essay is only one paragraph.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">6. Do you stay focused on the assigned text and avoid irrelevant \u201cevidence\u201d from outside the text (ex: personal experiences, facts or opinions you have read somewhere else, vague references to history)?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">7. Do you avoid the <strong>five-paragraph essay<\/strong> (vague introduction, three body paragraphs for every piece of repetitive \u201cevidence,\u201d a conclusion that repeats your introduction)?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">8. Do you cite from the text and use <strong>specific<\/strong> textual evidence while making your points in your body paragraphs and conclusion?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">9. Do you use the specific terms used in the text rather than generalizing terms like \u201cpeople\u201d or \u201csociety\u201d?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">10. Do you culminate rather than simply repeat your essay in your conclusion? Do you finish with a claim about what your unique \u00a0reading has discovered about the text?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Y\/N<\/p>\n<p><strong>BONUS<\/strong>: Take a moment to read aloud what you have written. Were you able to read it from start to finish without stumbling? Does it make sense?<\/p>\n<p>Y\/N<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Total: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/10<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Thinking Ahead&#8230;<\/h1>\n<p>Make sure that you keep reviewing your essay and your self-evaluation over the next few weeks as we will be using it for a variety of purposes in the upcoming chapters. It is also useful to have it nearby to remind yourself of the progress you are making. If you gave yourself a score that is lower than you would like to achieve in the future, this essay will serve as a reminder and motivator in the weeks ahead. You will get better as we add more tools that will allow you better to articulate your interesting and complex thoughts and insights.<\/p>\n<p>As you work through each chapter in this textbook, you will find yourself adding different tools to make your work sharper and more coherent. This is a process and it does require patience and practice. Your first task is to slow down. Chapter 1 is all about taking your time and analyzing a text before jumping to conclusions about what its \u201cmeaning\u201d might be. In order to build an effective and complex close reading essay, you must slow down and gather the best and most compelling evidence from the author\u2019s text. In Chapter 1 we will explain and demonstrate this process and then you will practice it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1443","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1443","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1443\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2392,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1443\/revisions\/2392"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1443"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1443"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca\/writehere\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1443"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}