6.4. Conditional Probability
Conditional Probability
Suppose you and a friend wish to play a game that involves choosing a single card from a well-shuffled deck. Your friend deals you one card, face down, from the deck and offers you the following deal: if the card is a king, he will pay you $5, otherwise, you pay him $1. Should you play the game?
You reason in the following manner. Since there are four kings in the deck, the probability of obtaining a king is 4/52 or 1/13. And, the probability of not obtaining a king is 12/13. This implies that the ratio of your winning to losing is 1 to 12, while the payoff ratio is only $1 to $5. Therefore, you determine that you should not play.
Now consider the following scenario. While your friend was dealing the card, you happened to get a glance of it and noticed that the card was a face card. Should you, now, play the game?
Since there are 12 face cards in the deck, the total elements in the sample space are no longer 52, but just 12. This means the chance of obtaining a king is 4/12 or 1/3. So your chance of winning is 1/3 and of losing 2/3. This makes your winning to losing ratio 1 to 2 which fares much better with the payoff ratio of $1 to $5. This time, you determine that you should play.
In the second part of the above example, we were finding the probability of obtaining a king knowing that a face card had shown. This is an example of conditional probability. Whenever we are finding the probability of an event E under the condition that another event F has happened, we are finding conditional probability.
The symbol P(E | F) denotes the problem of finding the probability of E given that F has occurred. We read P(E | F) as “the probability of E, given F.”
Example 6.4.1
Conditional probability formula
For two events E and F, the probability of E given F is:
P(E | F) =
Example 6.4.2
Example 6.4.3
| Male (M) | Female (F) | Total | |
| Public Transportation (P) | 8 | 13 | 21 |
| Drive (D) | 39 | 40 | 79 |
| Total | 47 | 53 | 100 |
The events M, F, P, and D are self explanatory. Find the following probabilities:
Example 6.4.4
Example 6.4.5
Example 6.4.6
Given P(F | E) = 0.5, and P() = 0.3. Find P(E).
Solution
Using the conditional probability formula, we get:
Substituting:
or
Example 6.4.7
Let event E be that the family has two boys and a girl, and let F be the probability that the family has at least two boys. We want to find P(E | F). We list the sample space along with the events E and F:
Example 6.4.8
Practice questions
1. A die is rolled. Use the conditional probability formula to find the conditional probability that it shows a three if it is known that an odd number has shown.
2. The following table shows the distribution of coffee drinkers by gender:
| Coffee drinker | Males (M) | Females (F) | TOTAL |
| Yes (Y) | 31 | 33 | 64 |
| No (N) | 19 | 17 | 36 |
| 50 | 50 | 100 |
Use the table to determine the following probabilities:
a.
b.
c.
3. In the Occupational and Public Health program at Ryerson University, 60% of the students pass Biostatistics, 70% pass Environmental Health Law, and 30% pass both of these courses. If a student is selected at random, find the following conditional probabilities:
a. They pass Biostatistics given that they passed Law
b. They pass Law given that they passed Biostatistics
4. Consider a family of three children. What is the probability of the family having children of both sexes given that the first born child is a boy?
5. If P() = 0.25 and P(F | E) = 0.55, find P(E).
6. A survey of drivers was conducted to determine the number of speeding tickets received among males and females. The data are displayed in the table below.
| Number of tickets | Male (M) | Female (F) | Total |
| 0 | 425 | 600 | 1025 |
| 1 | 250 | 175 | 425 |
| 2 | 125 | 75 | 200 |
| 3 | 100 | 50 | 150 |
| Total | 900 | 900 | 1800 |
Use the table to determine the following probabilities:
a. P(0 speeding tickets)
b. P(F | 1 speeding ticket)
c. P(M | at least 2 speeding tickets)